poisonous challenges Flashcards
define poisons / toxins
any substance that disturbs homeostasis
what are 3 entry points for poisons / toxins
- ingestion
- through skin
- inhalation
how can poisons be excreted from the body
- swelling of the skin
- vomiting
- diarrhoea/ urine
- coughing / sneezing
what type of compounds are cats susceptible to
phenolic compounds
what can rabbits tolerate which is usually poisonous
deadly nightshade
what is toxic to horses but a feed additive for cattle
monensin
what % of animal poisonings is due to plants
10-20%
4 examples of alkaloids
- ragwort
- yew
- ergot
- green / sprouted potatoes
what are the 4 classifications of glycosides
- cyanogenic = CN TO HCN, upsets cellular respiration, affected by pH
- goitrogenic = affects thyroid activity, concentrated in seeds (eg. cotton seeds)
- cardiac = reduces heartrate (widely used in medicine)
- saponins = haemolyse red blood cells, more harmful to fish + snails than mammals
4 examples of glycosides
- linseed
- buttercups
- bracken
- forage / rape seed oil
what is the order of animals prone to nitrates and nitrites, sheep, pigs, horses, cattle
cattle > sheep > horses > pigs
what do oxalates form
insoluble Ca salts form which depletes Ca from the body -> needed for bones/shells + muscle contractions
what 5 ways can pesticides effect animal metabolism
- neurotoxins
- anticoagulant
- gastrointestinal distress + dehydration
- hepatic distress + liver failure
- disruption of cellular ionic gradient
when do minerals become toxic
when accumulated = chronic toxicity
how does accumulation of minerals cause damage to animals
excess accumulations in liver - death due to liver failure
