physical challenges Flashcards
what is a simple fracture
bone breakage where the skin remains intact
what is a compound fracture
bone breakage where it tears through the skin = high risk of infection
how many complete fracture types are there
6
how many incomplete fracture types are there
3
what is a transverse fracture
straight fracture across the bone
what is an oblique fracture
diagonal fracture across the bone
what is a spiral fracture
one or both halves of the bone are twisted
what is a comminuted fracture
the bone breaks into several small pieces
what is an impacted fracture
one broken end of the bone is driven into the other broken end
what is an avulsion fracture
small piece of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main mass of the bone - the bone completely breaks
what is a fissure fracture
crack in the bone
what is a green stick fracture
only one side of the bone is broken
what is a depression fracture
broken bone portion pressed inward
what is a physeal
separation / fragmentation of the epiphyseal plate in growing animals
what is the first stage of bone fracture healing
hematoma formation
what is the second stage of bone fracture healing
soft callus formation
what is the third stage in bone fracture healing
bony callus formation
what is the fourth stage in bone fracture healing
bone remodelling
what happens during hematoma
- clotted blood initiates a pro-inflammatory reaction
- cell debris is cleared by phagocytes
- necrotic bone (old bone) is removed by osteoclasts
what happens during soft callus formation
- new blood vessels appear
- osteoblasts form new soft, sponges bone
- fibrous tissue + cartilage is formed
- fibrocartilaginous callus bridges both sites of the fracture
what happens during bony callus formation
- soft callus undergoes ossificaition
- hardening of the callus starts at the sides and moves towards the centre of fracture
what happens during bone remodelling
- excess spongy bone is removed
- spongy bone is converted into compact bone
what causes bovine hyena disease
excessive vitamin A administration
what happens in degenerative joint disease (DJD)
progressive and permanent long-term deterioration of the articular cartilage
- cartilage doesn’t have a blood supply so it’s impossible to help when lost
what is the name of the syndrome which causes respiratory distress in dogs
brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS)
with which gene is canine brachycephaly associated with
SPARC Related Modular Calcium Binding 2 (SMOC2) gene
what are morphological abnormalities in dogs with BOAS
- nostril stenosis (narrowing of openings)
- elongated soft palate (extra tissue at roof of mouth)
- caudal oversized turbinates (warms air going into lungs)
- tongue not fitting shrunken head
- misaligned teeth, inflamed mouth, excess tissue
what other disorders is brachycephaly linked to
- gastro-oesophageal reflux (contents of stomach moves to oesophagus)
- can lead to oesophagitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis
what are clinical signs in dogs with BAOS
- laboured breathing
- exercise / heat intolerance
- difficulty eating
- skinfold dermatitis
- eye-bulb prolapse
what can brachycephalic cats have
- elongated soft palate
- corneal ulcers
- dental malformation
- dermatological conditions due to inability to groom
what is spondylocostal dyostosis
- lethal congenital skeletal abnormality
- hindquarters are reduced in size
- associated with a mutation in Hes Family BHLH Transcription Factor 7 (HES7) gene
- usually die if gene is activated
what is arachnomelia
- lethal congenital skeletal abnormality
- thinning of all legs + severe angular deformities in distal part of forelegs
- associated with mutation in molybdenum cofactor synthesis step 1 (MOCS1) gene in Simmental cattle
- mutation in sulfite oxidase (SUOX) gene in Brown Swiss cattle
what is brachyspina
- lethal congenital skeletal abnormality
- severe shortening of entire vertebral column + relatively long, slender legs
- mutation in Fanconi complementation - group 1 (FANCI) gene
what is complex vertebral malformation
- lethal congenital skeletal abnormality
- vertebral malformation, fixation of joint sin extended/flexed position
- mutation in the Solute Carrier Family 35 Member A3 (SLC35A3) gene
what is cyclopia
- lethal congenital skeletal abnormality
- incomplete division of embryonic prosencephalon, orbits of the eye in two cavities
- associated with ingestion of cyclopamine in animals consuming Veratrum californicum, cyclopamine inhibits hedgehog signalling pathway
what is Ellis van Crevel syndrome
- non lethal skeletal abnormality
- disproportionate dwarfism, shortened + twisted limbs
-associated mutation is Ellis van Creveld syndrome 2 (EVC2) gene
what is Texel chondrodysplasia
- non lethal skeletal abnormality
- disproportionate dwarfism, shortened neck + limbs + barrel-shaped chest
- associated mutation in solute carrier family 13 (sodium/sulphate symporters), member 1 (SLC13A1) gene
what is syndactyly
- non lethal skeletal abnormality
- single hoof like structure instead of paired claws
- associated mutation in lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 4 ( LRP4) gene
what is a cleft palate
- non lethal skeletal abnormality
- lack of fusion between structures forming a palate
- many potential causes, including genetic factors, nutritional imbalances + infectious diseases
what is meningoencephalocele
- non lethal skeletal abnormality
- cyst-like swelling in median part of skull cap, cerebrospinal fluid + brain tissues coexist
- genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies + exposure to teratogenic agents during gestation
what is kyphosis
- non lethal skeletal abnormality
- abnormal outward spinal curvature
- diets lacking vitamin D
what is spinal dermoid sinus
- non lethal skeletal abnormality
- vertebral + thoracic limb malformations
what are 5 risk factors for skeletal injuries/disorders
- obesity
- breed
- age
- housing
- management
when and what are some surgical treatments for skeletal disorders
- surgical treatment usually only done on high genetic merit animals
- horse leg fractures are near impossible to treat
- most common in companion animals
- prosthetics are available
- skin removal for BAOS
what are some non-surgical treatments
- laser therapy
- spica splint
- water walking
