POB chapter review #1

Question 1

behavior

Answer 1

a muscle, glandular, or neuro-electrical activity

Question 2

reinforcers

Answer 2

a stimulus that increases the frequency of a response it follows

Question 3

behavior analysis

Answer 3

the study of the principles of behavior

Question 4

baseline

Answer 4

the phase of an experiment or intervention where the behavior is measured in the absence of an intervention

Question 5

reinforcement contingency

Answer 5

the response-contingent presentation of a reinforcer resulting in an increased frequency of that response

Question 6

aversive stimulus

Answer 6

a stimulus that increases the future frequency of a response, its removal follows

Question 7

escape contingency

Answer 7

the response-contingent removal of an aversive stimulus resulting in an increased frequency of that respose

Question 8

functional assessment

Answer 8

an assessment of the contingencies responsible for problem behaviors

Question 9

punishment contingency

Answer 9

the response-contingent presentation of an aversive condition resulting in a decreased frequency of that response

Question 10

dependent variable

Answer 10

a measure of the subject’s behavior

Question 11

independent variable

Answer 11

the variable the experimenter systematically manipulates to influence the dependent variable

Question 12

social validity

Answer 12

the goals, procedure, and results of an intervention are socially acceptable to the client, the behavior analys, and society

Question 13

penalty contingency

Answer 13

the response-contingent removal of a reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response

Question 14

response-cost contingency

Answer 14

the response-contingent removal of a tangible reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response

Question 15

time-out contingency

Answer 15

the response-contingent removal of access to a reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response

Question 16

law of effect

Answer 16

the effects of our actions determine whether we will repeat them

Question 17

recovery from punishment

Answer 17

stopping the punishment or penalty contingency for a previously punished response causes the response frequency to increase to its frequency before the punishment or penalty contingency

Question 18

spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

a temporary recovery of the extinguished behavior

Question 19

to confound variables

Answer 19

to change or allow to change two or more independent variables at the same time so you cannot determine what variables are responsible for the change in the dependent variable

Question 20

extinction

Answer 20

stopping the reinforcement or escape contingency for a previously reinforced response causes the response frequency to decrease

Question 21

response topography

Answer 21

the sequence, form, or location of components of a response relative to the rest of the body

Question 22

shaping with reinforcement

Answer 22

the differential reinforcement of only the behavior that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior

Question 23

terminal behavior

Answer 23

behavior not in the repertoire or not occurring at the desired frequency; the goal of the intervention

Question 24

unlearned reinforcer

a s t i a r, t n a a r f p w a r

Answer 24

a stimulus that is a reinforcer, though not as a result form pairing with another reinforcer

Question 25

variable-outcome shaping | s t i a c i t v o t r o a c, a p m a m c r t t b

Answer 25

shaping that involves a change in the value of the reinforcer or aversive condition, as performance more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior

Question 26

motivating operation | a p o c t a l a p w r t a p r o a s

Answer 26

a procedure or condition that affects learning and performance with respect to a particular reinforcer or aversive stimulus

Question 27

premack principle | i o a o m o t a, t o t d t m f a w r t l f a

Answer 27

if one activity occurs more often than another, the opportunity to do the most frequent activity will reinforcer the less frequent activity

Question 28

satiation | c a s a o a r d r l a p

Answer 28

consuming a substantial amount of a reinforcer decreases relevant learning and performance

Question 29

learned reinforcer | (a s t i a r b i h b p w a r.)

Answer 29

a stimulus that is a reinforcer because it has been paired with another reinforcer.

Question 30

aggression reinforcer | a r s r f a o a

Answer 30

a reinforcing stimulus resulting from acts of aggression

Question 31

discriminative stimulus | a s i t p o w a p r w b r o p

Answer 31

a stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced or punished.

Question 32

prompt | a s s t r t p o a c r.

Answer 32

a supplemental stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response.

Question 33

deprivation | w a r i r l a p

Answer 33

withholding a reinforcer increases relevant learning and performance

Question 34

the aggression principle | (a s a e a m o f a r)

Answer 34

aversive stimuli and extinction are motivating operations for aggression reinforcers

Question 35

concept training | r o p a r i t p o o s a e i o a i t r i t p o a s.

Answer 35

reinforcing or punishing a response in the presence of one stimulus and extinguishing it or allowing it to recover in the presence of another stimulus.

Question 36

stimulus generalization | t b c i t p o o s a t f o t r i t p o a s.

Answer 36

the behavioral contingencies in the presence of one stimulus affect the frequency of the response in the presence of another stimulus.

Question 37

``` stimulus class (a s o s, a o w h s c p p.) ```

Answer 37

a set of stimuli, all of which have some common physical property.

Question 38

generalized learned reinforcer | a l r t i a r b i w p w a v o o r

Answer 38

a learned reinforcer that is a reinforcer because it was paired with a variety of other reinforcers

Question 39

token economy | a s o g l r i w t o t r t g r c s t a e t f a v o b r l

Answer 39

a system of generalized learned reinforcers in which the organism that receives those general reinforcers can save them and exchange them for a variety of backup reinforcers later

Question 40

conceptual stimulus control | r o m o i t p o o s c a l o i t p o a s c b o c t.

Answer 40

responding occurs more often in the presence of one stimulus class and less often in the presence of another stimulus class because of concept training.

Question 41

matching to sample | s a c s c t a s s.

Answer 41

selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus.

Question 42

imitation | t f o t b o t i i c b s b o t m.

Answer 42

the form of the behavior of the imitator is controlled by similar behavior of the model.

Question 43

generalized imitation | i o t r o a m w p r o i o t s r.

Answer 43

imitation of the response of a model without previous reinforcement of imitation of that specific response.

Question 44

imitative reinforcers | s a f t m b t b o t i a t b o t m t f a r.

Answer 44

stimuli arising from the match between the behavior of the imitator and the behavior of the model that function as reinforcers.

Question 45

avoidance contingency

Answer 45

the response-contingent prevention of an aversive condition resulting in an increased frequency of that response

Question 46

warning stimulus

Answer 46

a stimulus that precedes an aversive condition and thus becomes a learned aversive stimulus

Question 47

punishment-by-prevention-of-removal contingency

Answer 47

the response-contingent prevention of removal of an aversive condition resulting in a decreased frequency of that response

Question 48

punishment-by-prevention-of-a-reinforcer contingency

Answer 48

the response-contingent prevention of a reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response

Question 49

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 49

reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer follows the response only once in awhile

Question 50

fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 50

a reinforcer is contingent on the last of a fixed number of responses

Question 51

variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 51

a reinforcer is contingent on the last of a variable number of responses

Question 52

fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 52

a reinforcer is contingent on the first response after a fixed interval of time since the last opportunity for reinforcement

Question 53

fixed-time schedule of reinforcer delivery

Answer 53

a reinforcer is delivered after the passage of a fixed period of time, independent of the response

Question 54

superstitious behavior

Answer 54

behaving as if the response causes some specific outcome, when it really does not

Question 55

variable-interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 55

a reinforcer is contingent on the first response after a variable interval of time since the last opportunity for reinforcement

Question 56

resistance to extinction

Answer 56

the number of responses or the amount of time before a response extinguishes

Question 57

resistance to extinction and intermittent reinforcement

Answer 57

intermittent reinforcement makes the response more resistant to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Question 58

fixed-time schedule of reinforcer delivery

Answer 58

a reinforcer is delivered after the passage of a fixed period of time, independent of the response

Question 59

variable-interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement

Answer 59

a reinforcer is contingent on the first response of a variable interval of time since the last opportunity for reinforcement

Question 60

superstitious behavior

Answer 60

behaving as if the response causes some specific outcome, when it really does not

Question 61

concurrent contingencies

Answer 61

more than one contingency of reinforcement or punishment is available at the same time

Question 62

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)

Answer 62

reinforcement is contingent on a behavior that is incompatible with another behavior

Question 63

behavioral chain

Answer 63

a sequence of stimuli and responses. each response produces a stimulus that reinforces that preceding response and is an sD or operandum for the following response

Question 64

DRL

Answer 64

reinforcement for each response following the preceding response by at least some minimum delay