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Pns exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>The nervous system is divided functionally into the:</p>

A

<p>somatic and automatic (visceral) OR efferent and afferent</p>

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2
Q

<p>Name the structural and functional unit of the nervous sytem</p>

A

<p>Neuron</p>

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3
Q

<p>Name the structure which carries impulses away from the nerve cell body</p>

A

<p>Axon</p>

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4
Q

<p>Neurons communicate with each other where?</p>

A

<p>At the synapse</p>

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5
Q

<p>The nervous communication occurs by means of chemical reagents called:</p>

A

<p>Neurotransmitters</p>

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6
Q

<p>The fxn of Neuroglia</p>

A

<p>Support the neurons</p>

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7
Q

<p>What are some neuroglia of the PNS</p>

A

<p>Neurolemma cells</p>

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8
Q

<p>Schwann cells are aka</p>

A

<p>Neurolemma cell</p>

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9
Q

<p>The cranial ventricles are lined by:</p>

A

<p>Ependymal cells</p>

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10
Q

<p>A collection of nerves in the CNS is known as:</p>

A

<p>Nucleus</p>

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11
Q

<p>The white mater in the CNS includes:</p>

A

<p>Cranial tract</p>

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12
Q

<p>Name the meninges</p>

A

<p>Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater</p>

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13
Q

<p>Layer which provides an effective barier of the nerve fibers</p>

A

<p>Perineurium</p>

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14
Q

<p>What does the endoneurium surround?</p>

A

<p>The axon and neurolemma cell</p>

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15
Q

<p>Name two types of ganglia in function</p>

A

<p>Motor and sensory</p>

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16
Q

<p>In the PNS what are the sensory nerve fibers aka</p>

A

<p>Afferent fibers</p>

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17
Q

<p>How many cranial nerves arise from the brain?</p>

A

<p>11 (not spinal accessory)</p>

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18
Q

<p>Where does the spinal accessory nerve arise from?</p>

A

<p>The upper cervical spinal cord</p>

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19
Q

<p>What do spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord as?</p>

A

<p>Anterior and posterior rootlets</p>

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20
Q

<p>What is the definition of a dermatome</p>

A

<p>The unilateral area of skin innervated by the fibers of a single spinal nerve</p>

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21
Q

<p>What describes proprioceptive sensations</p>

A

<p>Concerns the spacial orientation of the body and limbs</p>

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22
Q

<p>Visceral motor fibers transmit impulses to \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_</p>

A

<p>Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue</p>

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23
Q

<p>What innervates the masseter</p>

A

<p>Branchial motor fibers</p>

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24
Q

<p>Name three functionally different modalities of the nerve fibers which innervate the skeletal muscles</p>

A

<p>Somatic motor, branchial motor, general sensory</p>

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25
Q

<p>Name four functional modalities of the nerve fibers which are carried by the facial nerve</p>

A

<p>Branchial motor, visceral motor, general sensory, special sensory</p>

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26
Q

<p>How many neurons make up a consecutive somatic motor pathway</p>

A

<p>2</p>

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27
Q

<p>What is embedded in the anterior gray horn and what does this make up?</p>

A

<p>Lower motor neurons, forms the nuclei of origin</p>

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28
Q

<p>Where are lower motor neuron bodies located and what do they make up</p>

A

<p>Located in brain stem and upper cervicals of the spinal cord and make up the nuclei of origin</p>

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29
Q

<p>What is atropy associated with</p>

A

<p>Lower motor neuron lesion</p>

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30
Q

<p>The second sensory neurons decussate and project to where?</p>

A

<p>The thalamus</p>

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31
Q

<p>Tertiary sensory neurons are where</p>

A

<p>Ventral thalamic nucleus</p>

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32
Q

<p>The posterior limb is a part of what and where does it carry tertiary sensory neuronal axons?</p>

A

<p>Part of the internal capsule, and carries axons to the postcentral gyrus</p>

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33
Q

<p>Where do branchial efferent cranial neurons arise from</p>

A

<p>Nucleus of origin</p>

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34
Q

<p>What neuronal type are the primary sensory neurons?</p>

A

<p>(pesudo)unipolar</p>

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35
Q

<p>Name the patent openings for the four visceral efferent cranial nerves</p>

A

<p>III- superior orbital fissure, VII- internal acoustic meatus, IX- jugular foramen, X- Jugular formen</p>

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36
Q

<p>Describe the superficial or apparent origin of the cranial nerve VI</p>

A

<p>Inferior pontine sulcus</p>

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37
Q

<p>What is the main secondary olfactoy neuron</p>

A

<p>Mitral cell</p>

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38
Q

<p>Name 2 sensory olfactory neurons</p>

A

<p>Mitral cell, tufted cell</p>

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39
Q

<p>where are primary olfactory neurons located?</p>

A

<p>On the superior nasal concha</p>

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40
Q

<p>Where do olfactory cilia attach?</p>

A

<p>To the olfactory vesicle of the primary olfactory neuron</p>

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41
Q

<p>What are fila olfactoria</p>

A

<p>gathered bunches of Axons of the primary olfactory neuron</p>

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42
Q

<p>What neurons continually replace thru out life?</p>

A

<p>Olfactory receptor neurons</p>

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43
Q

<p>What forms fila olfactoria</p>

A

<p>The synapses between the primary and secondaey olfactory neurons (in olfactory bulb)</p>

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44
Q

<p>Name the laminar structure of the olfactory bulb from the surface inward</p>

A

<p>Olfactory nerve layer, Golmerular layer, external plexiform layer, mitral layer, internal plexiform layer, granule cell layer, olfactory nerve tracts</p>

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45
Q

<p>What happens in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb?</p>

A

<p>Incoming olfactory axons synapse with dendrites of the secondary olfactory neuron</p>

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46
Q

<p>What does the granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb become?</p>

A

<p>Becomes the anterior olfactory nucleus in the olfactory tract</p>

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47
Q

<p>What does the olfactory trigone split into?</p>

A

<p>The medial and lateral olfactory striae</p>

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48
Q

<p>What are the 2 main intrinsic neurons in the olfactory bulb?</p>

A

<p>periglomerular and granule cells</p>

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49
Q

<p>What neuron has no axon in the olfactory bulb?</p>

A

<p>Granule cells</p>

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50
Q

<p>The medial stria of the olfactory nerve ends where?</p>

A

<p>the subcallosal area</p>

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51
Q

<p>What does the subcallosal area contain (areas)?</p>

A

<p>Parolfactory and paraterminal area</p>

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52
Q

<p>What does the subcallosal area connect with via the cingular gyrus?</p>

A

<p>Parahippocampal gyrus</p>

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53
Q

<p>What 3 things are connected by the lateral stria of the olfactory nerves?</p>

A

<p>Gyrus semilunaris, amigdaloid body, and entorhinal area</p>

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54
Q

<p>Describe olfactory nerve fibers</p>

A

<p>Extremely minute and unmyelinated</p>

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55
Q

<p>What is anosmia/hyposmia?</p>

A

<p>Result of damage to any part of the olfactory system (lack/absence of smell)</p>

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56
Q

<p>What are all neuronal elements of the eye derived from</p>

A

<p>Optic vessicle of prosencephalon</p>

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57
Q

<p>What are the optic nerves composed of?</p>

A

<p>Axons of multipolar neurons in the ganglionic layer</p>

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58
Q

<p>What is the layer of optic nerve in the retina formed by?</p>

A

<p>Axons of multiple multipolar neurons</p>

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59
Q

<p>Name the layers of the eyeball</p>

A

<p>Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, internal sensory</p>

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60
Q

<p>What is the uvea formed by?</p>

A

<p>Iris, ciliary body, and choroidea</p>

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61
Q

<p>What is the choroidea and where is it located?</p>

A

<p>The vascular tunic located in the posterior portion of the eyeball</p>

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62
Q

<p>Name the 10 layers of the retina from inner surface to outward</p>

A

<p>Internal limiting membrane, layer of nerve fibers, ganglionic layer of the retina, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer,outer plexiform layer, external nuclear layer, external limiting membrane, rods and cones/Jacob's membrane, pigmented epithelium</p>

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63
Q

<p>Where do glial cells of muller (vertical) extend and mark?</p>

A

<p>Between the internal and external limiting membranes</p>

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64
Q

<p>What retinal layer are horizontal cells located?</p>

A

<p>Outer plexiform layer</p>

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65
Q

<p>What is the outer layer of the retina</p>

A

<p>Pigmented epithelium</p>

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66
Q

<p>What are lamina cribrosa and what penetrates them</p>

A

<p>Very thin choroid and sclera layers, penetrated by the optic nerve fibers at the optic disc</p>

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67
Q

<p>Where does the optic nerve enter the cranial cavity?</p>

A

<p>Thru the optic canal of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone</p>

68
Q

<p>What happens at the optic chiasm?</p>

A

<p>The optic nerve fibers from the medial half of both eyes decussate</p>

69
Q

<p>What does the left optic tract carry optic nerve fibers from</p>

A

<p>The left half of both eyes</p>

70
Q

<p>Axons of the secondary optic neurons end where?</p>

A

<p>at the lateral geniculate body</p>

71
Q

<p>What is the principle nucleus of termination of the optic nerves</p>

A

<p>lateral geniculate nucleus</p>

72
Q

<p>What is initiated at the edinger-westphal nucleus involving the optic nerve</p>

A

<p>Nucleus of origin of the reflex movement of the sphincter pupillae muscle</p>

73
Q

<p>The right and left cortical centers of vision are interconnected by what and this forms what?</p>

A

<p>Corpus callosum, forms forceps posticus</p>

74
Q

<p>What is hemianopia</p>

A

<p>Pathology caused by optic tract lesion</p>

75
Q

<p>What occurs at edinger-westphal nuclues in regards to the oculomotor nerve</p>

A

<p>Visceral nucleus of origin of the oculomotor nerve for parasympathetic nervous system</p>

76
Q

<p>Name 5 things the oculomotor nerve passes thru</p>

A

<p>Tegmentum,red nucleus, Medial part of substantia nigra, Lateral wall of cavernous sinus, Interpeduncular sulcus/fossa (emerges here)</p>

77
Q

<p>What does oculomotor nerve communicate with at the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?</p>

A

<p>Opthalmic nerve</p>

78
Q

<p>What is the function of the oculomotor/opthalmic nerve communication?</p>

A

<p>Proprioceptive information from the five extrinsic eye muscles</p>

79
Q

<p>Name 2 muscles which are innervated by superior ramus of the oculomotor nerve</p>

A

<p>Levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus</p>

80
Q

<p>What 3 things does the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve innervate</p>

A

<p>Medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior obliqus</p>

81
Q

<p>What occurs at the ciliary ganglion</p>

A

<p>Most presynaptic neurons of the edinger-westphal nucleus synape with postganglionic fibers</p>

82
Q

<p>What does the opthalmic nerve receive?</p>

A

<p>Proprioceptive fibers from the 5 extrinsic eye muscles</p>

83
Q

<p>What does the internal carotid plexus control</p>

A

<p>Vasomotor of the extrinsic muscles</p>

84
Q

<p>What is Brodman area 8?</p>

A

<p>The cortical center of the oculomotor nerve</p>

85
Q

<p>What is the superior central gyrus the cortical area for?</p>

A

<p>Eye movement</p>

86
Q

<p>Which visceral muscle is not controlled by sympathetic nervous system?</p>

A

<p>Constrictor pupillae</p>

87
Q

<p>What does the superior cervical ganglion give off and what does it carry</p>

A

<p>The internal carotid nerve which carries major sympathetic nerves for the head</p>

88
Q

<p>Name the nuclei of prigin of the preganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic nervous system</p>

A

<p>Edinger-westphal, superior and inferior salvatory, dorsal vagus</p>

89
Q

<p>What do the cervical and middle cervical ganglia hold?</p>

A

<p>postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system</p>

90
Q

<p>Where is the sympathetic nervous system distributed</p>

A

<p>Vascular and somatic nervous systems</p>

91
Q

<p>Where are preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located</p>

A

<p>Lateral horn of cord at levels T1-L2 or L3</p>

92
Q

<p>The preganglionic nerve fibers of the lateral intermediate substance cells pass thru the \_\_\_\_\_\_ as a \_\_\_\_\_ to a sympathetic ganglion</p>

A

<p>Ventral horn, white ramus communicantes</p>

93
Q

<p>Most cranial nerves communicate with postganglionic fibers from what?</p>

A

<p>The superior cervical ganglion</p>

94
Q

<p>The major sympathetic nerve into the head:</p>

A

<p>Internal carotid plexus</p>

95
Q

<p>Where does the trochlear nerve decussate</p>

A

<p>In the tectum</p>

96
Q

<p>Where does the trochlear nerve enter the dura mater</p>

A

<p>Anterior margin of the cerebellar tentorium</p>

97
Q

<p>What nerves communicate w the trochlear nerve and for what purposes?</p>

A

<p>Opthalmic branch of trigeminal,- for proprioceptive fiber from superior obliqus</p>

98
Q

<p>A lesion affecting the trochlear nerve leaves you unable to do what</p>

A

<p>Look down and lateral</p>

99
Q

<p>Name the masticating muscles</p>

A

<p>Masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid, and temporalis</p>

100
Q

<p>What are the masticating muscles innervated by</p>

A

<p>Branchial motor fibers of trigeminal</p>

101
Q

<p>Name the 2 deglutinating muscles</p>

A

<p>Anterior belly digastric and mylohyoid</p>

102
Q

<p>What are the deglutinating muscles innervated by?</p>

A

<p>trigeminal nerve</p>

103
Q

<p>The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve is smaller or bigger than the motor root?</p>

A

<p>Bigger</p>

104
Q

<p>Where is the trigeminal ganglion located</p>

A

<p>IN the dura mater fold on the trigeminal impression of the petrosal portion of the temporal bone</p>

105
Q

<p>Name the 3 nuclei of termination for the trigeminal nerve</p>

A

<p>Mesencephalic, pontine, and spinal nuclei</p>

106
Q

<p>What 3 nuclei of termination do the cental processes of the trigeminal ganglion synapse within</p>

A

<p>Mesencephalic, pontine and spinal nuclei</p>

107
Q

<p>Name the cranial nerves which send sensory info to the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve</p>

A

<p>V- trigeminal, VII- facial, IX- glossopharyngeal, X- Vagus</p>

108
Q

<p>Spinal nucleus of trigeminal in the MO is continuous in the spinal cord as what?</p>

A

<p>The substantia gelatinosa of Roland</p>

109
Q

<p>All of the following cranial nerves send their primary sensory neuron from their sensory ganglia to the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal, except:</p>

A

<p>trochlear nerve, facial nerve. glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve</p>

110
Q

<p>The opthalmic nerve communicated with what nerves and for what reason</p>

A

<p>Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens for proprioceptive sensory nerves</p>

111
Q

<p>What nerve carries the recurrent meningeal nerve of the opthalmic nerve and where does it carry it to</p>

A

<p>Trochlear nerve carries it to the tentorium cerebelli</p>

112
Q

<p>Opthalmic supplies sensory to the tentorium cerebelli thru via which nerve?</p>

A

<p>Tentorial nerve</p>

113
Q

<p>The opthalmic nerve exits the cranial cavity thru what</p>

A

<p>Superior orbital fissure</p>

114
Q

<p>Where does the opthalmic nerve divide and what does it divide into</p>

A

<p>Just before entering the orbital cavity thru the superior orbital fissure, divides into lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves</p>

115
Q

<p>Where does the lacrimal nerve enter the orbit</p>

A

<p>Thru lateral part of superior orbital fissure</p>

116
Q

<p>What does the lacrimal nerve receive</p>

A

<p>A branch from the zygomaticotemporal nerve of the maxillary nerve</p>

117
Q

<p>Name all nerves that pass thru SOF</p>

A

<p>oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, opthalmic (3-6)</p>

118
Q

<p>What does the frontal nerve lie above</p>

A

<p>The levator palpebrae superioris</p>

119
Q

<p>What does the supraorbital nerve innevate?</p>

A

<p>Skin of forehead, scalp, and frontal sinus mucosa</p>

120
Q

<p>Name all sensory nerves which involve transmitting itching sense from apex of nose to trigeminal ganglion (in order)</p>

A

<p>External nasal nerve to anterior ethmoidal nerve to nasociliary nerve to opthalmic nerve to trigeminal nerve- to mesencephalic or spinal or trigeminal nucleus of termination</p>

121
Q

<p>Which 4 nerves pass thru the common tendinous ring of the extrinsic eye muscles</p>

A

<p>Nasociliary, oculomotor, abducens, opthalmic</p>

122
Q

<p>What other thing also pass thru the common tendinous ring of the extrinsic eye muscles</p>

A

<p>superior ramus</p>

123
Q

<p>Where does the anterior ethmoidal nerve enter the nasal cavity</p>

A

<p>Thru a slit of the lateral side of the crista galli</p>

124
Q

<p>Where does the supratrochlear nerve pass</p>

A

<p>Above the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle</p>

125
Q

<p>What does the supraorbital nerve innervate</p>

A

<p>Skin of forehead</p>

126
Q

<p>Name the nerve which runs anteriorly in the eyeball between the sclera and the choroid to the ciliary body, iris and cornea:</p>

A

<p>nasociliary nerve, long ciliary nerve, optic nerve, anterior ethmoidal nerve</p>

127
Q

<p>The nasociliary nerve communicates with the ciliay gangion mainly for the fibers of:</p>

A

<p>Somatic sensory nerve</p>

128
Q

<p>The ciliary ganglion gives off the \_\_\_\_ to the \_\_\_\_\_</p>

A

<p>Long ciliary nerves to the ciliary body, iris, and cornea</p>

129
Q

<p>Where does the long ciliary nerve travel</p>

A

<p>Runs forwards of the eyeball btween the sclera and the choroid to the cilliary body, iris, and cornea</p>

130
Q

<p>Name 3 fiber types included in the short ciliary nerve</p>

A

<p>Sympathetic, parasympathetic, somatic sensory</p>

131
Q

<p>What are sphenoid sinuses innervated by</p>

A

<p>Posterior ethmoidal nerve</p>

132
Q

<p>Where does the maxillary nerve pass?</p>

A

<p>Horizontally forward along the lower part of the lateral wall of the cavernous dural venous sinus</p>

133
Q

<p>All of the following nerves enter the orbit thru the inferior orbital fissure except:</p>

A

<p>Zygomatic nerve of maxillary nerve, Maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve, orbital nerve of the pterygopalatine ganglion</p>

134
Q

<p>Where does the posterior superior alveolar nerve branch from and where does it go</p>

A

<p>Branches off the maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa</p>

135
Q

<p>What nerve accompanies the frontal branch of the middle meningeal artery?</p>

A

<p>Middle meningeal artery</p>

136
Q

<p>The ganglionic nerves of the maxillary nerve connect to:</p>

A

<p>Pterygopalatine ganglion</p>

137
Q

<p>What does the zygomaticofacial nerve do</p>

A

<p>Innervates the skin on the prominence of the cheek</p>

138
Q

<p>Where does the middle superior alveolar nerve arise from</p>

A

<p>Infraorbital nerve</p>

139
Q

<p>Name the largest peripheral ganglion of the parasympathetic nervous system</p>

A

<p>Pterygopalatine ganglion</p>

140
Q

<p>The pterygopalatine ganglion receives three roots including all of the following except:</p>

A

<p>sympathetic visceral root of superior cervical ganglion, Parasympathetic visceral root of the facial nerve, somatic sensory root of mandibular ganglionic nerve, general sensory root of the maxillary ganglionic nerve</p>

141
Q

<p>Where does the nasopalatine nerve lie?</p>

A

<p>In the vomer groove of the nasal septum</p>

142
Q

<p>What does the pharyngeal nerve of the nasal nerve innervate?</p>

A

<p>Mucous membrane on the torus tubaris</p>

143
Q

<p>What does the lesser palatine nerve of pterygopalatine innervate?</p>

A

<p>innervates the palatine tonsil</p>

144
Q

<p>Name the pathway of the taste impulse from the palate to the tractus solitarius in sequence</p>

A

<p>Palate to palatine nerve to pterygopalatine ganglion to nerve of ptyrygoid canal and greater pertrosal nerve to facial ganglio to nervus intermedius to tractus solitarius</p>

145
Q

<p>The sensory root of the mandibular nerve emerges from</p>

A

<p>foramen ovale of sphenoid.</p>

146
Q

<p>Name the Branchial motor nuclei and nerves</p>

A

<p>(V3,7,9,10,11)Trigeminal motor, facial, nucleus ambiguous (9,10), spinal accessory nuclei</p>

147
Q

<p>Name the parasympathetic (visceral motor) nuclei and nerves</p>

A

<p>(3,7,9,10) accessory Oculomotor of edinger-westphal, superior and inferior salvatory, dorsal vagus nuclei</p>

148
Q

<p>Name the somatic (motor) efferent nuclei and neres</p>

A

<p>3,4,6,12 oculomotor motor, trochlear motor, abducens motor, hypoglossal motor</p>

149
Q

<p>where does the mandibular nerve emerge</p>

A

<p>foramen ovale of sphenoid</p>

150
Q

<p>what is the mandibular nerve located between?</p>

A

<p>tensor veli palatini (medially) and lateral pterygoid (laterally)</p>

151
Q

<p>where does mandibular nerve enter skull thru</p>

A

<p>foramen spinosum of sphenoid</p>

152
Q

<p>what supplies the tensor veli palatini?</p>

A

<p>nerve to medial pterygoid (of mandibular)</p>

153
Q

<p>what innervates the temporomandibular joint?</p>

A

<p>masseteric nerve (of mandibular)</p>

154
Q

<p>what is a branch from posterior trunk of mandibular nerve</p>

A

<p>auroculotemporal nerve</p>

155
Q

<p>what does the auriculotemporal nerve encircle</p>

A

<p>middle meningeal artery (of maxillary artery)</p>

156
Q

<p>what does the auriculotemporal nerve (of mandibular) pass btween</p>

A

<p>sphenoandibular ligament and neck of mandible</p>

157
Q

<p>what do parotid branches of auriculotemporal (of mandibular) supply?</p>

A

<p>convey secretomotor fibers to parotid gland</p>

158
Q

<p>the chorda tympani of the facial nerve joins with which other nerve</p>

A

<p>lingual nerve (of mandibular)</p>

159
Q

<p>the chorda tympani, via the lingual nerve carry what info and to what?</p>

A

<p>carry parasympathetic efferent to the submandibular ganglion</p>

160
Q

<p>what nerve is connected to the submandibular ganglion?</p>

A

<p>lingual (of mandibular)</p>

161
Q

<p>postganglionic fibers from submandiblar ganglion are carried to which 3 glands</p>

A

<p>sublingual, anterior lingual, and submandibular glands</p>

162
Q

<p>what does the inferior alveolar nerve pass between</p>

A

<p>btween sphenomandibular lig and ramus of mandible</p>

163
Q

<p>what accompanies the inferior alveolar nerve</p>

A

<p>inferior alveolar artery of \_\_\_\_\_</p>

164
Q

<p>where is the mylohyoid nerve (branch of inf alveolar n) located (sulcus?)</p>

A

<p>mylohyoid groove/sulcus</p>

165
Q

<p>what does the mylohyoid nerve pass under</p>

A

<p>mylohyoid m</p>

166
Q

<p>what js trigeminal neuroglia aka</p>

A

<p>tic douloureux</p>

167
Q

<p>pain from ulcer or tongue cancer radiates to where (distribution of which nerve??)</p>

A

<p>ear and temporal fossa, distribution of auriculotemporal n</p>

PNS (15 decks)

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