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A&P 2 > PNS > Flashcards

PNS Flashcards

1
Q

How many spinal nerves total + in each region

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

31 total

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2
Q

How are cervical spinal nerves named

A

Named after vertebra below them

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3
Q

How are thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves named

A

After vertebra above them

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4
Q

What and why is a nerve plexus

A

Nerves serving a specific area originate from several different rami in order to ensure that some impulses arrive even if one ramus is damaged
Nerve plexus only stem from ventral rami

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5
Q

4 nerve plexus

A

Brachial, lumbar, sacral, cervical

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6
Q

Cervical plexus nerves

A

C1-C4

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7
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Part of cervical plexus, C3-C5, innervates the diaphragm

“3, 4 & 5 keeps them alive”

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8
Q

Brachial plexus spinal nerves

A

C5-T1

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9
Q

Brachial plexus categories

A

Roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches

Really tired drink coffee black

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10
Q

3 trunks of brachial plexus & their spinal nerves

A

C5 &C6 upper trunk
C7 middle trunk
C8 & T1 lower trunk

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11
Q

2 Brachial plexus divisions

A

Posterior: goes to muscles on back of arm- triceps, extensors
Anterior: goes to muscles on front of arm-biceps, deltoid, flexors

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12
Q

3 cords of brachial plexus

A

Posterior cord, behind axillary artery
Medial cord, closer to body than axillary artery
Lateral cord, lateral to axillary artery

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13
Q

5 branches of brachial plexus

A 
Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar
Radial
Axillary
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14
Q

Brachial plexus Axillary branch function

A

Lift arm

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15
Q

Musculocutaneous branch function

A

Bend arm

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16
Q

Median branch function

A

Flex wrist

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17
Q

Ulnar branch function

A

Make fist

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18
Q

Radial branch function

A

Undoes everything

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19
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit spinal column

A

Intervertebral foramen

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20
Q

Roots vs rami & where do plexus originate

A

Roots are located within the spinal column, rami are located just outside. When talking about plexus, it’s referring to ventral rami and not roots or dorsal rami

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21
Q

Lumbar plexus spinal nerves

A

L1-L4

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22
Q

Lumbar plexus important nerves

A

Femoral nerve: goes to quadriceps, responsible for thigh flexion and knee extension

Obturator nerve: goes to adductors, responsible for opening and closing legs

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23
Q

Sacral plexus spinal nerves

A

L5-S4

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24
Q

Sacral plexus important nerves

A

Sciatic nerve: goes to hamstrings, responsible for hip extension&knee flex ion

Tibial nerve: gastrocnemius and soleus (calf)

Gluteal nerve: gluteus max, med, min

Pudential nerve: urination, erection

25
Q

Word for abnormal sensation-tingling, numbness, etc.

A

Paresthesia

26
Q

Dermatomes

A

Sensory map of spinal nerves

27
Q

T1-T12 dermatomes

A

Abdominal and thoracic area front & back

T1 also extends down medial anterior arm

28
Q

C2-C8 dermatomes

A

“Hood & cape”:
C2 back of head,
C3, 4, 5 neck,
C6, 7, 8 shoulders, arms, hands

29
Q

L1-L5 dermatomes

A

Lower back, hips, anterior, lateral & medial legs, feet

30
Q

S1-S5 dermatomes

A

Glutes, posterior legs, genitals

31
Q

2 types of reflexes

A

Intrinsic (visceral), acquired (learned)

32
Q

5 components of a reflex arc

A 
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration Center
Motor neuron
Effector
33
Q

Stretch reflex aka

A

Deep tendon reflex

34
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Monitor length and tension of muscles

35
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Proprioceptors that measure muscle stretch/length and send information to cerebellum

36
Q

What does the stretch reflex do

A

Makes sure that a muscle stays the same length that the brain has commanded it to be. If it begins to lengthen (e.g. your knees buckling) the stretch reflex causes the muscle (quadriceps) to contract w/o having to think about it

37
Q

Monosynaptic vs polysynaptic

A

Monosynaptic reflexes involve only a single synapse (stretch reflex is example)
Polysynaptic reflexes involve more than one synapse (the part of stretch reflex that inhibits antagonist muscle is polysynaptic)

38
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

When a muscle contracts as part of a reflex then its antagonist is automatically inhibited (forced to relax)

39
Q

Golgi tendon reflex

A

Opposite of stretch reflex-causes muscle to lengthen to prevent overburdening muscle. Involves reciprocal activation-inhibits agonist, activates antagonist

40
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Withdrawal from painful stimuli

Ipsilateral & polysynaptic

41
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Extension on the opposite side of the body to where the reflex happens to maintain balance, e.g. extending left leg when right leg pulls away after stepping on something painful

42
Q

Plantar reflex and babinsky sign

A

Involves spinal nerves L4-S4. Running something along underside of foot, should cause toes to curve. Babinsky sign means toes splay out instead, this is normal in infants but sign of spinal injury in adults

43
Q

Abdominal reflex

A

Involves T8-12. Stroke side of belly button will cause contraction of abdominals

44
Q

5 types of receptors categorised by stimulus type

A 
1.	Mechanoreceptor
Thermoreceptor
Photoreceptor 
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptor
45
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

a. Deformation

b. Touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch

46
Q

3 types of receptors characterised by location

A
  1. Interoceptors
    a. Inside body stimuli; blood vessels, internal organs
  2. Exteroceptors
    a. Stimulus from outside body; pain, pressure, touch, temperature, smell, taste
  3. Proprioceptors
    a. Detect changes and movement in muscle, tendon, ligament, joint cavity
47
Q

3 levels of sensory organisation

A

Receptor level
Circuit level
Perceptual level

48
Q

Receptive field

A

a. The immediate area around a receptor that it’s responsible for
b. The more sensitive the area, the smaller receptive field each receptor has (feeling two pricks or one)
c. Convergence creates larger receptive fields if multiple primary neurons synapse with the same secondary neuron

49
Q

Transduction

A

converting the stimulus energy into a graded potential

50
Q

Receptor potential

A

a. When receptor is a separate cell (ass in most special senses) the graded potential is called a receptor potential. It turns into generator potential when it reaches the neuron.

51
Q

Generator potential

A

b. When receptor is part of a sensory neuron the graded potential is called a generator potential.

52
Q

What happens at perceptual level? Where?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
    a. Detection (sensation)
    b. Magnitude (how loud? How bright?) Frequency of AP determines magnitude
    c. Spatial discrimination
    d. Quality discrimination of abstract characteristics E.g. how does it smell, look?
    e. Pattern recognition
53
Q

Endoneurium

A

Wraps each axon

54
Q

Perineurium

A

Wraps group of axons to form fascicle

55
Q

Epineurium

A

Wraps several fascicles and blood vessels to form nerve

56
Q

PNS can regenerate if

A
  1. Soma/cell body is not damaged
  2. There is no extensive damage
  3. Endoneurium is intact
57
Q

What inhibits nerve regeneration in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

58
Q

Process of PNS nerve regeneration

A

iii. Wallerian degeneration: Cut axon ends seal themselves off, area distal to injury on axon will swell and die, but endoneurium is intact
iv. Macrophages come in to clear out debris from dead axon distal to injury
v. Schwann cells form a regeneration tube and release growth factors and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that encourage axonal re-growth
vi. Regeneration is very slow, 1-2mm/day

59
Q

Receptor categorisation based on complexity

A
  1. Complex: Special senses
  2. Simple: most abundant
    a. Free nerve endings: throughout body: Receptor comes in direct contact w stimuli
    ii. Pain, temperature
    iii. Merkel disk (tactile disk)
    iv. Hair follicle
    b. Encapsulated: Surrounded by connective tissue and never comes in direct contact with stimuli
    ii. Detects changes/deformation in tissue surrounding it

A&P 2 (8 decks)

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