PNP WK5 Flashcards

Musculoskeletal disorders and pain

1
Q

What are complete v incomplete fractures?

A

Complete: bone is broken into distinct pieces
Incomplete: bone is still in one piece

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are open v closed fractures?

A

Open: skin protrusion from bone
Closed: skin is not broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the differences in fracture lines?

A

Simple: single fraction lines
Comminute: multiple fragment
Compression: bone crushes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Excessive pressure within a muscle compartment caused by bleeding/inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the differences between transverse, linear, oblique, spiral fractures?

A

Transverse: Across bone axis
Linear: Along bone axis
Oblique: Angle break from bone shaft
Spiral: Twisting around bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 stages of healing bone fractures?

A
  1. Haematoma formation: blood will collect in bone, will enlarge into medullary cavity, rich in clotting factors will form granulated
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callous formation: osteoblasts lay down collagen fibres and chondroblasts lay down new cartilage
  3. Ossified callous: undergoes mineralization with Ca+ and NaCL- becomes hards
  4. Remodelling: osteoblasts continue to lay down bone to help with strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a metabolic bone disorder?

A

Characterized by a decrease bone density and mass due to an increased osteoclastic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pathophysiology of osteoporosis?

A

osteoc. reset bone at bone remodelling sites (BMU) through reabsorption of bone tissue, go through apoptosis and osteob. travel to site to form new bone matrix.
In osteoporosis the rate of reabsorption is higher than formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the medicines used for osteoporosis?

A
  • Bisphosphonates and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, inhibit bone resorption through osteoc. take up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis?

A

Degenerative disorder from breakdown of hyaline cartilage in damaged joints and creates abnormal growth patterns, causes join inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pathophysiology for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Abnormal production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators causes inflammation in the synovial membrane (at the joint) causing extensive damage to surrounding tissue
- Autoimmune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a strain?

A

Stretching injury to a muscle or units caused by mechanical overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three strain degrees?

A

1st degree: small tear to whole muscle
2nd degree: large tear but not complete
3rd degree: tear across whole width of muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a repetitive strain injury?

A
  • Disorder affecting muscles, tendons, and nerves that develops over a long period
  • Interferes with blood flow and circulation to the affected structure/s and leads to inflammation and damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a sprain?

A

The ligamentous structures surrounding the joint become stretched or torn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between nociceptive and neuropathic pain?

A

Nociceptive: brought on by activation of pain fibres
Neuropathic: damage to the nerve fibres themselves

17
Q

What causes somatic pain?

A

Activation of pain receptors in either the body surface or musculoskeletal tissue.

18
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

Arises from internal organs

19
Q

What is the physiology of pain (steps)?

A
  1. Nociception: conversion of noxious stimuli into nerve impulses
  2. Transmission: movement of nerve impulse along spinothalamic tract to brain
  3. Perception: conscious experience of pain in brain
  4. Modulation: an increase or decrease in perception on pain
20
Q
A