PNP WK1 Flashcards
Cell adaptation and injury, inflammation, drugs for inflam, wound healing
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis: accidental cell death creating inflammation, cell injury
Apoptosis: programmed cell death, cell suicide
What are examples of cell stressors?
Hypoxia, ageing, ischemia, trauma, infection, genetics
What is the process of necrosis?
Stressor causes cell membrane under pressure and will eventually break, ions from cell will leak into tissue causing inflammation and cell death
What is the process of apoptosis?
Stressors cause cell membrane to shrink/break into smaller cell components, controlled mechanism
What is the purpose of acute inflammation?
to bring white blood cells to injured site to initiate tissue repair
What are the stages of acute inflammation?
Vascular phase, Cellular phase
What is the beginning of the inflammatory process?
Injured cells release chemical mediators inti tissue environment to induce inflammation
Define the vascular phase:
- Bradykinin released from injured cells to active pain receptors
- Stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamine
- BK and HM cause vasodilation, and endothelial walls of blood vessel contract, causing vascular permeability
- Plasma leak into injured tissue= exudate
Define cellular phase:
- WBC (leukocytes) leak into tissue and will be attracted to injury (chemotaxis)
- RBC gather in middle of vessel and is thicker with less plasma
- cause swelling and begin absorbing dead cells (PHAGOCYTOSIS)
What are the different types of exudate?
Serous: watery with small amounts of protein and WBC
Fibrinous: thick and sticky with high cell and fibrin count
Purulent: thick fluid containing leukocytes, cell debris and microorganisms
Hemorrhagic: high amounts of RBC and tissue/blood vessel damage
What is chronic inflammation?
- Caused from unresolved acute inflammation
- monocytes and macrophages access injured site
What causes chronic inflammation?
- Persistent infection
- Autoimmune disease
- Prolonged exposure to allergen or toxic agent
What role to prostaglandins play in the body?
- Blood clot formation
- Control inflammatory processes
- maintenance of renal blood flow
- Release pain mediators
What are the processes of NSAIDs?
Inhibit prostaglandin production via inhibit the COX enzymes activities
What is the process of prostaglandin release?
Tissue damage, phospholipase A2 release, converted into arachidonic acid, converted into prostaglandins and lipoxygenase
Examples of Selective COX 1 inhibitors
Indomethacin
Aspirin
Examples of Non-selective COX inhibitors
Naproxen
Ibuprofen
Examples of Selective COX 2 inhibitors
Diclofenac
Celecoxib
What are glucocorticoids?
Naturally occurring steroid hormones in the blood - Cortisone
used to fight inflammation, made of fat, and
WHat are inflammatory inducers?
Microbes, foreign antigens, tissue necrosis
Cause inflammation
What are inflammatory receivers?
Macrophages, dendritic and mast cells, neutrophils
- Pick up on inflam. inducers
What are inflammatory mediators?
Cytokines and Autocoids (histamines, PG)
- bring in help to overcome problem
What are some examples of glucocorticoids?
Hydrocortisone
Prednisone
Dexamethasone
Beclomethasone
What is the mechanism of action for steroidal glucocorticoids?
GC arrives to target cell, enters membrane (both lipids), binds to complex in nucleus and will act as transcripting factor to release anti-inflammatories
What is the first stage of wound healing?
Inflammatory: inflammation then blood clot forms to seal area, debris has been cleared by phagocytes (3-4 days)
What is the second stage of wound healing?
Proliferation: granular tissue formed by fibroblast allows blood vessel to grow in area (angiogenesis), new epithelial cells around area
What is the third stage of wound healing?
Remodelling: granular tissue becomes scar tissue
What is the difference between primary and secondary intention healing?
1st: caused by clean/narrow incision, 2 edges are easily closed, minimal scarring
2nd: caused by large trauma, broader, granulates over and heals from base (doesn’t reconnect) wider
