PNP WK4 Flashcards

Neoplasms and cancer

1
Q

What are neoplastic cells?

A
  • A defective set of genes in a cell that replicate uncontrolled and will eventually form lumps/tumours
  • Cells become extra invasive (cancerous) and break off from original tumour and spreads throughout body (matastasis)
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2
Q

What are the steps of mitosis (cell division)?

A

-Prophase: DNA organizes into chromosomes
-Metaphase: Chromosomes align
-Anaphase: Chromosomes separate
-Telophase: nuclear membranes appear around chromosome sets
-Cytokinesis: Cell is created
-Interphase: G1, S and G2 stages

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a benign tumour?

A

Similar to local cells, relatively slow, remains localised

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a malignant tumour?

A

Irregular shape, size, not like local tissue, fast growing, invades nearby tissue, fatal

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5
Q

What are the stages of carcinogenesis?

A

1) Protooncogene becomes mutated, tells cell cycle gene to produce DNA
2) Mutation in inhibitory gene, doesn’t stop constant replication
3) DNA regulator/fixer is switched off and cannot fix DNA
4) Mutated apoptosis gene so cell cannot die to save body
5) Telemerase mutated so telemeres (end of chromosomes) are protected so cell can replicate
6) Growth factors go to blood vessels and give cancer cells to nutrients
7) Cell is different to neighbouring cells and metastasizes
8) NOT RECONGISED AS ISSUE BY IMMUNE SYSTEM

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6
Q

What are the features of bowel cancer?

A

Tumour grows along side of colon wall and causes bowel obstructions

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7
Q

What are the features of lung cancer?

A

Are divided into small cell and non-small cell cancers
Carcinomas of the lung occur as a result of abnormal cells in the bronchi, bronchioles and/or alveoli

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8
Q

What are the features of skin cancer?

A

Divided into non-melanoma (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) and melanoma
Mutation of the basal stem cell or melanocytes

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9
Q

What are the basic mechanisms of tumour spread?

A

Invading: tumour’s ability to grow into adjacent tissue, destroys local cells and invades other structures
Metastasis: spreads to distant sites by blood or lymph, broken local tissue erodes into blood/lymph nodes to find suitable environment to continue replicating
Seeding: spread of tumour cells in body cavity fluid and membranes

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10
Q

What are the stages of cancer?

A

Stage 1: confined to origin tissue
Stage 2: locally invasive
Stage 3: spreads to regional structures (lymphs)
Stage 4: metastasizes to different sites

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11
Q

What are the lab tests used for cancer?

A

Blood tests, Tumour markers, Genetic testing, CT MRI PET-scan X-Ray, Biopsy

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12
Q

What is the action of chemotherapeutic agent ?

A

Affects cancer cells and normal cells systemically
Split into cell cycle phase-specific (cells in particular stage of cycle) and cell cycle phase non-specific

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13
Q

What is localised chemo?

A
  • Radiotherapy targets 1 specific location
  • Surgery
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14
Q

What is cytotoxic chemo?

A
  • is toxic to both diseased and healthy cells
    E.G: antimetabolities (targets cells during S-phase) METHOTREXATE
    E.G: antitumour antibiotics (target G2 phase) BLEOMYCIN
    E.G: Vinca alkaloids, plant based (target M phase)
    E.G: Alkylating agents, non-specific CISPLATIN
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15
Q

What is a Fibroadenoma?

A

Growth of stroma or epi. cells in breast originating from the lobule, resemble normal cells and are no larger than 2cm

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16
Q

What is a fibrocystic disease?

A

The lobules form cysts due to isolation undergoing involution, fluid filled

17
Q

What are the common breast cancers?

A

Ductal carcinomas (arising from collecting ducts) and lobular carcinomas (arising from terminal lobules)

18
Q

What is the origin of cervical cancer?

A

Dysplasia (mild), which occurs at the junction of columnar cells with squamous cells

19
Q

What is the anatomy of the prostate?

A
  • muscular gland inferior to urinary bladder and is made of glandular and connective tissue (stroma)
  • secretes solution high in citrate and PSA
20
Q

What are the 4 distinct zones of the prostate?

A
  1. transitional zone, innermost and contains ejact. ducts and urethra
  2. Central zone, below prox. urethra
  3. Peripheral zone, surrounds the central zone and is 70% of prostate mass
  4. Anterior fibromuscular zone, only made of muscle and fibrous tissue
21
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a benign prostate hyperplasia?

A

Hyperplasia of both glandular and stromal tissue components causing bladder obstruction, related to elevated androgen levels

22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of prostate cancer?

A
  • Adenocarcinomas arising from glandular tissue in peripheral zone, remaining cancer cells generally originate from the neuroendocrine stem cells in central zone
  • Spreads along the capsular surface of the gland
23
Q

What is the pathophysiology of testicular cancer?

A
  • Carcinoma growth beyond the basement membrane