Pneumonia Flashcards
Burden of Pneumonia?
16% of deaths of children under 5, 920 000 in 2015
What causes pneumonia?
Viruses, bacteria or fungi
How does pneumonia affect the body?
Alveoli in the lungs are filled with pus and makes breathing hard
Risk factors for pneumonia?
Imuno-compromised children such as those with malnutrition or non-breastfed children, HIV and measles. Also indoor pollution from fires, crowding and parental smoking
How do you treat pneumonia?
Antibiotics
How can you prevent pneumonia?
Prevent through immunization to HiB, pneumococcus, pertussis. Also well nutrition, breastfeeding and addressing indoor pollution
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of the meninges
Risk factors for meningitis?
Poverty, sickle-cell disease, HIV, malnutrition, anaemia
Burden of Tuberculosis?
1.8 million deaths globally in 2015, 10.4 million infected
Where is TB prevalent?
India, Indonesia, China, Nigeria, Pakistan and South Africa
TB and HIV?
TB is the leading killer of people with HIV (35%)
What is MDR-TB
Multidrug resistant TB
How is TB spread?
Droplets from a person with active infected
How many people are infected with TB?
About 1/3 of the world, most latent
What is the lifetime risk of falling ill in active TB for those infected?
10%
What are som risk factors for TB?
Crowding, nutritional deficiencies, HIV, tobacco smoking
Symptoms of active TB?
Cough with sputum (somtimes blood), chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats
How do you treat TB?
6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs
How can you prevent TB?
Tackle risk factors
How much of a higher risk of developing active TB does an HIV infected individual have?
20-30 times
How many people died of HIV+TB in 2015?
0.4 million
Where is the TB+HIV epidemic worst?
Africa 71% of new combined cases in 2015
Why is DM dangerous for TB?
Triples the risk and worsens the clinical course of TB treatment
Why do MDR-TB develop?
Inappropriate use of TB-medicines and patients stopping treatment prematurely
How do you cure MDR-TB?
Second-line drugs (limited and require chemo)
What is XDR-TB
More serious form of MDR-TB that do not respond to second-line drugs leaving patients with few options
How is leprosy spread?
Skin-to-skin contact, nasal secretions
Burden of leprosy?
No longer a public health problem but a slight resurgence in 2016
Symptoms of leprosy?
Damage to skin, nerves, limbs and eyes if untreated
