PMLS_LEC5 Flashcards
is a collection of people working together
under a defined structure for the purpose of achieving a predetermined outcome.
organization
is where each staff member is indispensable and has individual roles that contribute to attainment of daily objectives and long-term goals.
laboratory organization
While leaders can be managers, not all managers are effective leaders,
provides the direction of where a group or an organization is going
Leadership
provides the road to get there.
Management
- Is an administrator
- Organizer and developer
- Risk Taker
- Inspiration
- Thinks long-term
- Asks what and why
- Challenges that the status quo
- Does the right thing
LEADER
- Implementer
- Maintains control
- Thinks short-term
- Ask how and when
- Watches bottom line
- Accept status quo
- Is a good soldier
- Does things right
MANAGER
Provides high support but low direction in accomplishing duties
Supportive
Presents rules, orders, or other defined
instructions but limited support.
Directive
Provides low support and low direction
Delegating
Provides high support and high direction
Coaching
§ Supervisors
§ Team leaders
§ Chief technologists
More concerned on completing the day’s
work.
first-line managers
§ Operations manager
§ Division heads
May straddle both areas to some degree by
engaging in a variety of activities that may
be strategic as well as tactical
Middle managers
§ Lab directors
§ Board of directors
Concentrates on strategizing and planning
for the next 1 to 5 years
Top managers
LEVEL OF AUTHORITY in order
Lab Director
Head Pathologist
Chief Medical Technologist
Section head
Senior Medical Technologist
Junior Medical Technologist
Medical technicians
Laboratory Assistant
Either a physician or a pathologist trained in lab management.
Lab Director
A duly registered physician who is specially
trained in the methods of laboratory medicine and microscopic study of tissue, secretion, and
excretion of the human body and its functions in order to diagnose and characterize disease of living patients.
Head Pathologist
Works under the supervision of a registered
pathologist.
Chief Medical Technologist
Works under the supervision of the chief medical technologist.
Section head
The process which high level decisions are made
usually based on long term
projections and a global view that can have an impact on all levels of a laboratory’s operations.
STRATEGIC PLANNING
consists of the detailed day to day operations needed to meet the immediate needs of the laboratory and works toward meeting the long-term strategic goals that have been set.
tactical planning
a. Inaccurate patient identification
b. Ordering the wrong test
c. Improper specimen collection,
transportation, and receipt
Preanalytic errors
- Occur in an appropriate sample such as
incorrect blood tubes for particular analyses. - Calibration errors
- Instrument malfunctions
- The presence of interfering substances
- Failure to verify results
Analytic errors
- Includes reports being sent to the wrong health care provider
- Long term turnaround times
- Missing reports
- Improper interpretation of test results by
health care providers
Post-analytic errors
A system’s approach that focuses on
team’s processes, statistics, and the
delivery of products or services that
meet or exceed costumer expectations
Total quality management
§ An element of total quality management
§ Strives to continually improve practices
and not just meet established quality
standards
Continuous quality improvement
Strives to continually look for ways to reduce errors by empowering employees to assist in problem solving and getting them to understand their integral role within the greater system.
Total Quality management thinking
It is a performance improvement program the goal of which can be summarized by the mantra “improvement by eliminating process variation”
based on statistics and quantitative
measurements through which process defects or errors are Analyzed
Six Sigma by Motorola
While these processes develop
independently, the key ideas and techniques
are often combined in the methodology
frequently referred to as _____
It is a system for reducing waste in production
or manufacturing processes.
Lean Management by Toyota Productions System
5S: PDCA of Lean Management
§ Sort
§ Set in order
§ Shine
§ Standardize
§ Sustain;
§ Plan
§ Do
§ Check
§ Act
– A worldwide federation of accrediting members from over 140 countries
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
® It is a workplace where diagnostic or other screening procedures are performed on blood or other potentially infectious materials.
® A _____ is a laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient with regards to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
THE CLINICAL LABORATORY
what are the 2 classification of the clinical laboratory
Government owned
Private owned
The clinical lab is operated and
maintained partially or wholly by the
national government, LGU, or other
political unit or any department,
division, board, or agency.
Government owned
The clinical lab is owned,
established, and operated by any
individual, corporation, association,
or organization.
Private owned
Concerned with the diagnosis and treatment
of disease performed through laboratory
testing of blood and other fluids.
Clinical Pathology
Concerned with the diagnosis of diseases
through microscopic examination of tissues
and organs
Anatomic Pathology
is a clinical laboratory that operates within the premises or part of an institution
Institution-based laboratory
Also known to be non-hospital laboratories,
is a lab that is not part of an established
institution
Free standing laboratory
which includes the
following:
o Primary – traditional
o Secondary – conventional that has partially
or semi-automated instruments
o Tertiary – sophisticated with fully automated
machines
General Clinical Laboratory
This is a laboratory that offers highly specialized lab services that are usually not provided by a general clinical lab which includes:
Special Clinical Laboratory
is a laboratory in a government hospital, designated by the DOH to provide special diagnostic functions and services for certain
diseases.
National reference laboratory
Licensed to perform basic routine laboratory examinations
Primary Category
® Caters to a larger group of community or residence and can either be hospital-based or non-hospital-based laboratory
® Licensed to perform tests being done by primary category clinical laboratories, along with routine clinical chemistry tests.
Secondary Category
® This laboratory is licensed to perform tests being done by secondary category clinical laboratories along with other tests.
Tertiary Category
This section is the common denominator in all 3 category types.
* Which means that the Primary lab, Secondary lab, and Tertiary laboratories all have this section
HEMATOLOGY
® This is where perform biochemical analysis of body fluids are performed using highly complex and most often fully automated instrumentation.
® This section is common to both secondary and tertiary categories.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
® Blood typing and Compatibility testing are the two main activities performed in this section
® It has the following:
* Donor Processing Area
* Transfusion Services
IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
(BLOOD BANK TRANSFUSION SERVICES)
This is performed to determine if the donor’s blood can be safely transfused. Hence, correct blood type must be given to the patient in need. To do this, ABO Rh blood typing and
antibody screening is done.
Compatibility testing
Determines if the mother’s serum contains antibodies against the antigens found in
the baby.
Prenatal testing
Tests for the human Leucocyte antigens
and antibodies prior to organ transfusion
Histocompatibility Testing
® This is where infectious specimens are processed and analyzed
® Receives almost all clinical specimens including swabs, feces, urine blood, sputum, CSF, synovial fluid, as well as possibly infected tissues.
® This section is mainly concerned with cultures hence, suspected pathogens are looked for and if found, are further identified based on biochemical tests.
MICROBIOLOGY
® A branch of hematology that was formed to study antigen-antibody reactions which is a diagnostic tool
® It deals with the analysis of serum antibodies of certain infectious agents (primarily viral agents)
® Tests are not only limited to blood serum, but it also includes tests performed on other body fluids such as semen and saliva.
IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY
o Another branch under histopathology
o It is where smears of cells are examined
which are usually taken from the cervix to
identify evidences of cancer, inflammation
and other conditions.
o Pap smear (The Papanicolaou test)
Cytopathology or Cytology
o Another subsection or branch under
histopathology
o This undertakes examination of organs,
lymph, tumors, fetuses, and other tissues
that are biopsied in surgeries like breast
mastectomy
Surgical Pathology
This pertains to the study of chromosomes
CYTOGENETICS
Combines anatomical, chemical, and biochemical techniques where antibodies bound to enzymes and fluorescent dyes are used to detect presence of antigens in tissues
Immunohistochemistry
National Reference Laboratory for the following:
o Dengue
o Influenza
o Tuberculosis and other Mycobacteria
o Malaria and other Parasites
o Bacterial Enteric diseases
o Measles and other viral exanthems
o Mycology
o Enteroviruses
o Antimicrobial resistance and Emerging diseases
o Confirmatory testing of blood donors and
units
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
National Reference Laboratory for the following:
o HIV or AIDS
o Hepatitis
o Sexually Transmitted Diseases
San Lazaro Hospital
National Reference Laboratory for the following:
o Environmental and Occupational Health
o Toxicology
o Micronutrient Assay
East Avenue Medical Center
National Reference Laboratory for the following:
o Hematology and Immunohematology
National Kidney and Transplant Institute
National Reference Laboratory for the following:
o Anatomic Pathology
o Biochemistry
Lung Cancer of the Philippines
An act of regulating the operation and
maintenance of Clinical Laboratories and
requiring the registration of the same with the
Department if Health, providing penalty for the violation thereof, and for other purposes
Republic Act No. 4688
Rules and Regulation Governing the
Establishment, Operation and Maintenance of
Clinal Laboratories in the Philippines
Administrative Order No. 59 s. 2001
Defines occupational exposure as
“reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous
membrane or percutaneous contact with
blood or other potentially infectious
materials that may result from the
performance of an employee’s duties”
OSHA
