PMLS_LEC5 Flashcards by 12 STEM 2A - Lauglaug, Chelza Lynn

is a collection of people working together
under a defined structure for the purpose of achieving a predetermined outcome.

organization

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is where each staff member is indispensable and has individual roles that contribute to attainment of daily objectives and long-term goals.

laboratory organization

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While leaders can be managers, not all managers are effective leaders,

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provides the direction of where a group or an organization is going

Leadership

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provides the road to get there.

Management

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Is an administrator
Organizer and developer
Risk Taker
Inspiration
Thinks long-term
Asks what and why
Challenges that the status quo
Does the right thing

LEADER

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Implementer
Maintains control
Thinks short-term
Ask how and when
Watches bottom line
Accept status quo
Is a good soldier
Does things right

MANAGER

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Provides high support but low direction in accomplishing duties

Supportive

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Presents rules, orders, or other defined
instructions but limited support.

Directive

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Provides low support and low direction

Delegating

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Provides high support and high direction

Coaching

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§ Supervisors
§ Team leaders
§ Chief technologists
More concerned on completing the day’s
work.

first-line managers

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§ Operations manager
§ Division heads
May straddle both areas to some degree by
engaging in a variety of activities that may
be strategic as well as tactical

Middle managers

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§ Lab directors
§ Board of directors
Concentrates on strategizing and planning
for the next 1 to 5 years

Top managers

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LEVEL OF AUTHORITY in order

Lab Director
Head Pathologist
Chief Medical Technologist
Section head
Senior Medical Technologist
Junior Medical Technologist
Medical technicians
Laboratory Assistant

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Either a physician or a pathologist trained in lab management.

Lab Director

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A duly registered physician who is specially
trained in the methods of laboratory medicine and microscopic study of tissue, secretion, and
excretion of the human body and its functions in order to diagnose and characterize disease of living patients.

Head Pathologist

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Works under the supervision of a registered
pathologist.

Chief Medical Technologist

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Works under the supervision of the chief medical technologist.

Section head

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The process which high level decisions are made
usually based on long term
projections and a global view that can have an impact on all levels of a laboratory’s operations.

STRATEGIC PLANNING

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consists of the detailed day to day operations needed to meet the immediate needs of the laboratory and works toward meeting the long-term strategic goals that have been set.

tactical planning

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a. Inaccurate patient identification
b. Ordering the wrong test
c. Improper specimen collection,
transportation, and receipt

Preanalytic errors

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Occur in an appropriate sample such as
incorrect blood tubes for particular analyses.
Calibration errors
Instrument malfunctions
The presence of interfering substances
Failure to verify results

Analytic errors

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Includes reports being sent to the wrong health care provider
Long term turnaround times
Missing reports
Improper interpretation of test results by
health care providers

Post-analytic errors

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A system’s approach that focuses on team’s processes, statistics, and the delivery of products or services that meet or exceed costumer expectations

Total quality management

§ An element of total quality management § Strives to continually improve practices and not just meet established quality standards

Continuous quality improvement

Strives to continually look for ways to reduce errors by empowering employees to assist in problem solving and getting them to understand their integral role within the greater system.

Total Quality management thinking

It is a performance improvement program the goal of which can be summarized by the mantra “improvement by eliminating process variation” based on statistics and quantitative measurements through which process defects or errors are Analyzed

Six Sigma by Motorola

While these processes develop independently, the key ideas and techniques are often combined in the methodology frequently referred to as _____ It is a system for reducing waste in production or manufacturing processes.

Lean Management by Toyota Productions System

5S: PDCA of Lean Management

§ Sort § Set in order § Shine § Standardize § Sustain; § Plan § Do § Check § Act

– A worldwide federation of accrediting members from over 140 countries

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

® It is a workplace where diagnostic or other screening procedures are performed on blood or other potentially infectious materials. ® A _____ is a laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient with regards to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

THE CLINICAL LABORATORY

what are the 2 classification of the clinical laboratory

Government owned Private owned

The clinical lab is operated and maintained partially or wholly by the national government, LGU, or other political unit or any department, division, board, or agency.

Government owned

The clinical lab is owned, established, and operated by any individual, corporation, association, or organization.

Private owned

Concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disease performed through laboratory testing of blood and other fluids.

Clinical Pathology

Concerned with the diagnosis of diseases through microscopic examination of tissues and organs

Anatomic Pathology

is a clinical laboratory that operates within the premises or part of an institution

Institution-based laboratory

Also known to be non-hospital laboratories, is a lab that is not part of an established institution

Free standing laboratory

which includes the following: o Primary – traditional o Secondary – conventional that has partially or semi-automated instruments o Tertiary – sophisticated with fully automated machines

General Clinical Laboratory

This is a laboratory that offers highly specialized lab services that are usually not provided by a general clinical lab which includes:

Special Clinical Laboratory

is a laboratory in a government hospital, designated by the DOH to provide special diagnostic functions and services for certain diseases.

National reference laboratory

Licensed to perform basic routine laboratory examinations

Primary Category

® Caters to a larger group of community or residence and can either be hospital-based or non-hospital-based laboratory ® Licensed to perform tests being done by primary category clinical laboratories, along with routine clinical chemistry tests.

Secondary Category

® This laboratory is licensed to perform tests being done by secondary category clinical laboratories along with other tests.

Tertiary Category

This section is the common denominator in all 3 category types. * Which means that the Primary lab, Secondary lab, and Tertiary laboratories all have this section

HEMATOLOGY

® This is where perform biochemical analysis of body fluids are performed using highly complex and most often fully automated instrumentation. ® This section is common to both secondary and tertiary categories.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

® Blood typing and Compatibility testing are the two main activities performed in this section ® It has the following: * Donor Processing Area * Transfusion Services

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (BLOOD BANK TRANSFUSION SERVICES)

This is performed to determine if the donor’s blood can be safely transfused. Hence, correct blood type must be given to the patient in need. To do this, ABO Rh blood typing and antibody screening is done.

Compatibility testing

Determines if the mother’s serum contains antibodies against the antigens found in the baby.

Prenatal testing

Tests for the human Leucocyte antigens and antibodies prior to organ transfusion

Histocompatibility Testing

® This is where infectious specimens are processed and analyzed ® Receives almost all clinical specimens including swabs, feces, urine blood, sputum, CSF, synovial fluid, as well as possibly infected tissues. ® This section is mainly concerned with cultures hence, suspected pathogens are looked for and if found, are further identified based on biochemical tests.

MICROBIOLOGY

® A branch of hematology that was formed to study antigen-antibody reactions which is a diagnostic tool ® It deals with the analysis of serum antibodies of certain infectious agents (primarily viral agents) ® Tests are not only limited to blood serum, but it also includes tests performed on other body fluids such as semen and saliva.

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY

o Another branch under histopathology o It is where smears of cells are examined which are usually taken from the cervix to identify evidences of cancer, inflammation and other conditions. o Pap smear (The Papanicolaou test)

Cytopathology or Cytology

o Another subsection or branch under histopathology o This undertakes examination of organs, lymph, tumors, fetuses, and other tissues that are biopsied in surgeries like breast mastectomy

Surgical Pathology

This pertains to the study of chromosomes

CYTOGENETICS

Combines anatomical, chemical, and biochemical techniques where antibodies bound to enzymes and fluorescent dyes are used to detect presence of antigens in tissues

Immunohistochemistry

National Reference Laboratory for the following: o Dengue o Influenza o Tuberculosis and other Mycobacteria o Malaria and other Parasites o Bacterial Enteric diseases o Measles and other viral exanthems o Mycology o Enteroviruses o Antimicrobial resistance and Emerging diseases o Confirmatory testing of blood donors and units

Research Institute for Tropical Medicine

National Reference Laboratory for the following: o HIV or AIDS o Hepatitis o Sexually Transmitted Diseases

San Lazaro Hospital

National Reference Laboratory for the following: o Environmental and Occupational Health o Toxicology o Micronutrient Assay

East Avenue Medical Center

National Reference Laboratory for the following: o Hematology and Immunohematology

National Kidney and Transplant Institute

National Reference Laboratory for the following: o Anatomic Pathology o Biochemistry

Lung Cancer of the Philippines

An act of regulating the operation and maintenance of Clinical Laboratories and requiring the registration of the same with the Department if Health, providing penalty for the violation thereof, and for other purposes

Republic Act No. 4688

Rules and Regulation Governing the Establishment, Operation and Maintenance of Clinal Laboratories in the Philippines

Administrative Order No. 59 s. 2001

Defines occupational exposure as “reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane or percutaneous contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee’s duties”

OSHA