PMLS_LEC11 Flashcards
● Deals with ethical problems associated with medical
practices and bioscience
● also extends to social issues related to health, animal
welfare, and environmental concerns
Ethics
→ Presents truths about human acts
General Ethics
Involves the application of principles of general ethics in different departments of human activity
Special Ethics
A set of norms, values, and principles that serve as guidelines for medical practitioners in making decisions in clinical settings
Medical Ethics
Standards/models that governs an
individual/society as to what is considered
acceptable conduct/behavior
NORMS
A branch of moral science that deals with how and what a professional should and should not do in the workplace (Hospital or Laboratory)
Professional Ethics
State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health
Formal system or set of rules which is explicitly adopted by a group of people
Ethics
→ Ethical principles founded on fundamental
principles of right conduct rather than the legalities
→ More concerned with practical than legal issues
Morality
Relating to right and wrong
MORAL
The way a person perceives what is right and
wrong and how a person responds to them
MORAL BEHAVIOR
→ Refers to all important beliefs – not all are ethical,
some are neutral or non-ethical
→ Beliefs of a person or a social group in which they
have emotional investments
Values
value is a view of what is desirable or how something should be
positive
is undesirable or how something should not be
negative
→ Process of becoming more conscious of and naming what we value or consider worthy
→ Process grounded in our capacity for reflective, intelligent, self-directive behavior
Value Clarification
Results when personal values are at odds/against the values of other people (friends, colleagues, or the institution)
→ If there are differences with your values and those of others
Value Conflict
→ Something owed to an individual according to just
claim, legal guarantees, or moral and ethical
principles
Rights
“Legal rights”
→ Guaranteed by laws
Welfare Rights
Based on moral or ethical principles
→ usually do not require power of law
Ethical Rights
Based on fundamental belief in dignity and freedom of humans
Option Rights
Idea that there are many theories of what is right and what is wrong
“The idea that there could be conflicting moral views, yet each are still worthy of respect.
MORAL PLURALISM
→ In conformity with the norms of morality
▪ Actions correspond to the standard of society
Moral Actions
Not in conformity with the norms of morality
Immoral Actions
Actions which stand neutral in relation to morality
Amoral Actions
→ Actions which are by its basic nature evil
→ Acts which are evil in itself
Intrinsically Evil Actions
→ Actions considered evil but certain factors are attached to them by way of circumstances
Extrinsically Evil Actions
Present in a person who fully intends an act (With intention)
Perfection Voluntariness
Present in a person who acts without fully realizing what he means to do or without fully intending the act (No intention)
Imperfect Voluntariness
Present in a person who is forced by circumstances
beyond his control to perform an act which he would
not do under normal conditions
Conditional Voluntariness
Present in a person doing an act willfully regardless
of whether he likes to do it or not (No choice but still
does it)
Simple Voluntariness
the act itself and its primary and essential elements
Object
the purpose, intention, motive, or the reason for
which the act is performed
End
Accidental aspects surrounding the act
→ These factors are distinct from the act itself and
from the purpose but may affect the morality of the
act
Circumstances
may create, mitigate, or aggravate the
immorality of an act
Circumstances
Fundamental rule of moral law containing certain truth from which knowledge of a definite moral action for performance proceeds along with the provision of solution to specific moral problems or issues
MORAL PRINCIPLES
Principle or primary rule on which something is
based, or it forms a necessary basis, and it is of
central importance
We have this basis of what is right and what is wrong
and we must utilize this to know what is the right
thing to do/performed
FUNDAMENTAL
Principle or primary rule on which something is
based, or it forms a necessary basis, and it is of
central importance
We have this basis of what is right and what is wrong
and we must utilize this to know what is the right
thing to do/performed
FUNDAMENTAL
doing what is good
PRINCIPLE OF BENEFICENCE
Is not doing any harm
PRINCIPLE OF NON-MALEFICENCE
An act is done with two effects
→ One is good and the other one is evil.
PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
Act that is directly intended and the other, evil is
unintended
PRINCIPLE OF INDIRECT VOLUNTARY ACT
Refers to the expression of one’s responsibility to take
care, nurture, and cultivate what has been entrusted to him
● Refers to the execution of responsibility of the health care practitioners
PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP
Refers to the moral principle by which certain actions are determined and deemed as just or unjust
PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE
Is defined as behaving according to what is
morally right and fair
JUST
Pertains to the evil of an action shared together by
individuals in the achievement of an evil practice
PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATION
All the parts of the human body, as parts, are meant to exist and function for the good of the whole body
● All decisions in medical ethics must prioritize the good of the entire person, including physical, psychological, and spiritual factors
PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY
Matters should be handled by the smallest, lowest, or
least centralized competent authority
● Decisions should be taken at a local level, if possible,
rather than by a central authority
PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY
● Ethics of telling the truth
● Basis of the trust relationship established between a
patient and a health care provider
PRINCIPLE OF VERACITY
Failure to act and use reasonable care
NEGLIGENCE
A more specific term that pertains to both the standard of
care and professional status of healthcare provider
● If the person committing a wrong deed is a licensed
professional, then he/she is liable of _________
malpractice
Lost earning capacity or increased medical
expenses.
economic
Loss of vision, organ, and limbs.
Non-economic
The patient could be in severe pain, emotional
distress
Psychological
