PMLS_LEC11

Question 1

● Deals with ethical problems associated with medical
practices and bioscience
● also extends to social issues related to health, animal
welfare, and environmental concerns

Answer 1

Ethics

Question 2

→ Presents truths about human acts

Answer 2

General Ethics

Question 3

Involves the application of principles of general ethics in different departments of human activity

Answer 3

Special Ethics

Question 4

A set of norms, values, and principles that serve as guidelines for medical practitioners in making decisions in clinical settings

Answer 4

Medical Ethics

Question 5

Standards/models that governs an
individual/society as to what is considered
acceptable conduct/behavior

Answer 5

NORMS

Question 6

A branch of moral science that deals with how and what a professional should and should not do in the workplace (Hospital or Laboratory)

Answer 6

Professional Ethics

Question 7

State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Answer 7

Health

Question 8

Formal system or set of rules which is explicitly adopted by a group of people

Answer 8

Ethics

Question 9

→ Ethical principles founded on fundamental
principles of right conduct rather than the legalities
→ More concerned with practical than legal issues

Answer 9

Morality

Question 10

Relating to right and wrong

Answer 10

MORAL

Question 11

The way a person perceives what is right and
wrong and how a person responds to them

Answer 11

MORAL BEHAVIOR

Question 12

→ Refers to all important beliefs – not all are ethical,
some are neutral or non-ethical
→ Beliefs of a person or a social group in which they
have emotional investments

Answer 12

Values

Question 13

value is a view of what is desirable or how something should be

Answer 13

positive

Question 14

is undesirable or how something should not be

Answer 14

negative

Question 15

→ Process of becoming more conscious of and naming what we value or consider worthy
→ Process grounded in our capacity for reflective, intelligent, self-directive behavior

Answer 15

Value Clarification

Question 16

Results when personal values are at odds/against the values of other people (friends, colleagues, or the institution)
→ If there are differences with your values and those of others

Answer 16

Value Conflict

Question 17

→ Something owed to an individual according to just
claim, legal guarantees, or moral and ethical
principles

Answer 17

Rights

Question 18

“Legal rights”
→ Guaranteed by laws

Answer 18

Welfare Rights

Question 19

Based on moral or ethical principles
→ usually do not require power of law

Answer 19

Ethical Rights

Question 20

Based on fundamental belief in dignity and freedom of humans

Answer 20

Option Rights

Question 21

Idea that there are many theories of what is right and what is wrong
“The idea that there could be conflicting moral views, yet each are still worthy of respect.

Answer 21

MORAL PLURALISM

Question 22

→ In conformity with the norms of morality
▪ Actions correspond to the standard of society

Answer 22

Moral Actions

Question 23

Not in conformity with the norms of morality

Answer 23

Immoral Actions

Question 24

Actions which stand neutral in relation to morality

Answer 24

Amoral Actions

Question 25

→ Actions which are by its basic nature evil → Acts which are evil in itself

Answer 25

Intrinsically Evil Actions

Question 26

→ Actions considered evil but certain factors are attached to them by way of circumstances

Answer 26

Extrinsically Evil Actions

Question 27

Present in a person who fully intends an act (With intention)

Answer 27

Perfection Voluntariness

Question 28

Present in a person who acts without fully realizing what he means to do or without fully intending the act (No intention)

Answer 28

Imperfect Voluntariness

Question 29

Present in a person who is forced by circumstances beyond his control to perform an act which he would not do under normal conditions

Answer 29

Conditional Voluntariness

Question 30

Present in a person doing an act willfully regardless of whether he likes to do it or not (No choice but still does it)

Answer 30

Simple Voluntariness

Question 31

the act itself and its primary and essential elements

Answer 31

Object

Question 32

the purpose, intention, motive, or the reason for which the act is performed

Answer 32

End

Question 33

Accidental aspects surrounding the act → These factors are distinct from the act itself and from the purpose but may affect the morality of the act

Answer 33

Circumstances

Question 34

may create, mitigate, or aggravate the immorality of an act

Answer 34

Circumstances

Question 35

Fundamental rule of moral law containing certain truth from which knowledge of a definite moral action for performance proceeds along with the provision of solution to specific moral problems or issues

Answer 35

MORAL PRINCIPLES

Question 36

Principle or primary rule on which something is based, or it forms a necessary basis, and it is of central importance We have this basis of what is right and what is wrong and we must utilize this to know what is the right thing to do/performed

Answer 36

FUNDAMENTAL

Question 36

Principle or primary rule on which something is based, or it forms a necessary basis, and it is of central importance We have this basis of what is right and what is wrong and we must utilize this to know what is the right thing to do/performed

Answer 36

FUNDAMENTAL

Question 37

doing what is good

Answer 37

PRINCIPLE OF BENEFICENCE

Question 38

Is not doing any harm

Answer 38

PRINCIPLE OF NON-MALEFICENCE

Question 39

An act is done with two effects → One is good and the other one is evil.

Answer 39

PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT

Question 40

Act that is directly intended and the other, evil is unintended

Answer 40

PRINCIPLE OF INDIRECT VOLUNTARY ACT

Question 41

Refers to the expression of one's responsibility to take care, nurture, and cultivate what has been entrusted to him ● Refers to the execution of responsibility of the health care practitioners

Answer 41

PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP

Question 42

Refers to the moral principle by which certain actions are determined and deemed as just or unjust

Answer 42

PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE

Question 43

Is defined as behaving according to what is morally right and fair

Answer 43

JUST

Question 44

Pertains to the evil of an action shared together by individuals in the achievement of an evil practice

Answer 44

PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATION

Question 45

All the parts of the human body, as parts, are meant to exist and function for the good of the whole body ● All decisions in medical ethics must prioritize the good of the entire person, including physical, psychological, and spiritual factors

Answer 45

PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY

Question 46

Matters should be handled by the smallest, lowest, or least centralized competent authority ● Decisions should be taken at a local level, if possible, rather than by a central authority

Answer 46

PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY

Question 47

● Ethics of telling the truth ● Basis of the trust relationship established between a patient and a health care provider

Answer 47

PRINCIPLE OF VERACITY

Question 48

Failure to act and use reasonable care

Answer 48

NEGLIGENCE

Question 49

A more specific term that pertains to both the standard of care and professional status of healthcare provider ● If the person committing a wrong deed is a licensed professional, then he/she is liable of _________

Answer 49

malpractice

Question 50

Lost earning capacity or increased medical expenses.

Answer 50

economic

Question 51

Loss of vision, organ, and limbs.

Answer 51

Non-economic

Question 52

The patient could be in severe pain, emotional distress

Answer 52

Psychological