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BDS2 PMI > PMI02-2002 > Flashcards

PMI02-2002 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

A vast communication network of cells and chemical signals distributed in blood and tissues throughout body

Regulates normal growth and development

Protects against disease

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2
Q

What causes smallpox?

A

Variolavirus

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3
Q

What caused the Black Death (plague)?

A

Yersinia pestis

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4
Q

What does the term “animalcules” refer to?

A

Bacteria (Antoine van Leeuwenhoek, Father of infection)

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5
Q

What was used to vaccinate against smallpox?

A

Cowpox - less virulent

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6
Q

Who invented the concept of handwashing?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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7
Q

Who discovered the first virus and name the virus?

A

Dmitri Ivanovsky

Tobacco Mosaic virus

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8
Q

Who discovered the flavivirus?

A

Walter Reed (causes yellow fever)

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9
Q

What cells are derived from the common lymphoid progenitor?

A

B cells

T cells

NK cells

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10
Q

What cells are derived from the common myeloid progenitor?

A

Megakaryocyte/erythrocyte precursor (platelets and erythocytes)

Granulocyte/macrophage precursor (granulocytes)

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11
Q

What are the two derivatives of the pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell?

A

Common lymphoid progenitor

Common myeloid progenitor

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12
Q

Where do immune cells originate from?

A

Bone marrow

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13
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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14
Q

What are the main secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Tonsils and adenoids

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Peyer’s patches

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15
Q

What is immunity?

A

Condition/process that permits innate and adaptive resistance to disease

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16
Q

What are the requirements for an effective immune system?

A

Recognise a wide range of infectious micro-organisms

Defend against both intra- and extracellular pathogens

Tolerate commensals

Prevent/limit damage to self

Respond quickly

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17
Q

What are the main differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate = immediate and non-specific

Adaptive = delayed and specific

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18
Q

What three main types of physical barriers are present with epithelium?

A

Mechanical

Chemical

Microbiological

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19
Q

What mechanical barriers are in place for epithelia?

A

Tight junctions

Longitudinal flow of air/fluid (skin, gut)

Mucus, cilia (lungs)

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20
Q

How does smoking affect the epithelial barrier?

A

Burns and kills cilia, decreasing the mechanical barrier

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21
Q

What chemical barriers are in place for epithelia?

A

Fatty acids (skin)

Low pH and enzymes (stomach)

Salivary enzymes (mouth)

Antimicrobial peptides

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22
Q

What microbiological barrier is in place for epithelia?

A

Normal, commensal flora

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23
Q

Give examples of antimicrobial peptides.

A

Defensins

Histatins

Cathelicidin (LL37)

24
Q

What do histatins target?

A

Fungi

25
Q

What are the two types of defensins and where are they found?

A

α = produced by neutrophils

β = fluids

26
Q

What cells produce cathelicidin?

A

Neutrophils

Epithelial cells

27
Q

What are the three ways in which the complement system can be activated?

A

Classical pathway

Mannose-binding lectin pathway

Alternative pathway

28
Q

What are the three main functions of the complement system?

A

Inflammation

Opsonisation

Killing of pathogen

29
Q

What is the main complement molecule responsible for opsonisation?

A

C3b

30
Q

What complement molecules are responsible for inflammation?

A

Anaphylatoxins

31
Q

What complement molecules are responsible for killing pathogens?

A

MAC/membrane attack complex = C5-9

32
Q

What is the complement system?

A

System of serum proteins that are sequentially activated to attach to pathogen surfaces, recruit inflammatory cells and kill pathogens

33
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis.

A
  1. Recruited by chemokines (eg CXCL8) or complement
  2. Bind microbe - recognition aided by C3b or antibodies; pattern recognition receptors may be used
  3. Internalise microbe into a phagosome
  4. Fusion with lysosome to create a phagolysosome
  5. Microbe killed (oxygen radicals and enzymes)
34
Q

What is involved in innate immunity?

A

Physical barriers

Natural humoral components

Recruitment and activation of phagocytes

Activation of adaptive immunity

35
Q

What cell bridges innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic cells

36
Q

What is the main function of dendritic cells?

A

Capture microbes and transport to lymph nodes to induce adaptive immunity

37
Q

Describe what occurs when a dendritic cell encounters a microbe in the skin.

A
  1. Langerhans cell recognises pathogen with pattern recognition receptor and sample it/take it up
  2. Langerhans cell leaves epithelium and enters lymphatic system whilst processing antigen
  3. Mature dendritic cell enters lymph node and transfers some antigen to resident dendritic cells
  4. B7-positive dendritic cells stimulate naive T cells (Th0)
  5. T cells activate B cells
  6. T and B cells leave to infected tissue
38
Q

What type of antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules?

A

Internal pathogens (viral)

39
Q

What type of antigens are presented on MHC class II molecules?

A

External pathogens

40
Q

Which T cells recognise MHC class I complexes?

A

CD8+/cytotoxic

41
Q

Which T cells recognise MHC class II complexes?

A

CD4+/helper

42
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

43
Q

What kind of animals possess adaptive immunity?

A

Vertebrates

44
Q

What is found in the paracortical areas of a lymph node?

A

T cells mainly

45
Q

What is found in the germinal centers of a lymph node?

A

B cells mainly

46
Q

Describe what occurs when a mature dendritic cell enters a lymph node.

A

Enters via afferent lymphatic vessel to the paracortical area to interact with T cells

Activated Th2 cells move to germinal center to activate B cells

T and B cells leave via efferent lymphatic vessel

47
Q

What are the co-stimulatory molecules for T cell receptors?

A

CD8 or CD4

48
Q

What is CD3 and what does it recognise?

A

T cell receptor

Recognises specific MHC-antigen complexes

49
Q

Describe the function of a cytotoxic T cell

A

Primed in lymph node and patrols body

When it encounters a cell expressing its specific viral antigen, it attaches and kills the cell

Via granzyme and perforin

50
Q

What is the function of Th1 cells?

A

(Cellular immunity) recruitment of Tc cells and macrophages to eliminate pathogen

51
Q

What is the function of Th2 cells?

A

(Humoral immunity) binds B cells in germinal center to cause antibody production

52
Q

What is the function of Th17 cells?

A

(Cellular immunity) recruitment of neutrophils for bacteria and fungi elimination

53
Q

What is the function of Treg cells?

A

Suppress of modulate the immune response and protects against autoimmunity

54
Q

Describe the basic structure of an antibody.

A

Y-shaped protein

Fc and Fab fragments/regions

55
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

Patrol body and produce a rapid response when they encounter the same pathogen (differentiate into plasma cells)

56
Q

What happens when normal signals for growth and cell death fail?

A

Cancer/tumour

BDS2 PMI (21 decks)

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