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BDS2 PMI > PMI02-2001 > Flashcards

PMI02-2001 Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Biology of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

What does TSE stand for?

A

Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathies

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3
Q

Which microbes are eukaryotic?

A

Fungi

Protozoa

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4
Q

What are TSEs?

A

“Infective” proteins based on the structure of prions but misfolded

Spread their misfolding to form plaques/sponge-like lesions in the brain which are impossible to remove

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5
Q

Where is the genetic information found in bacteria?

A

Circular chromosome, free-floating in cytoplasm

Plasmids

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6
Q

What is special about plasmids?

A

Can be passed between bacterial cells

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7
Q

What kind of ribosomes are found in bacteria?

A

70S

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8
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Binary fission

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9
Q

Do bacteria have a cell wall?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What shape are bacilli? Give an example of a bacillus.

A

Long rods

E. coli

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11
Q

What shape are cocci? Give and example of a coccus.

A

Balls

Streptococcus aureus

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12
Q

What shape are spirochaetes? Give an example of a spirochaete.

A

Spiral

B. burgdorferi –> Lyme’s disease

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13
Q

What does a curved bacterium look like? Give an example of a curved bacterium.

A

Comma

V. cholerae

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14
Q

What shape are streptococci? Give an example of a streptococcus.

A

Chains of balls

S. pyogenes –> tonsilitis

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15
Q

What shape are staphylococci? Give an example of a staphylococcus.

A

Clumps of balls

S. aureus

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16
Q

What does the Gram stain show?

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive = lots of peptidoglycan in cell wall

Gram-negative = less peptidoglycan in cell wall, has an outer membrane to prevent Gram stain from reaching peptidoglycan

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18
Q

What is a periplasmic space?

A

Space between plasma membrane and peptidoglycan cell wall

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19
Q

What anchors the outer membrane to the cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Lipoproteins

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20
Q

Is peptidoglycan electron-dense or electron-translucent?

A

Electron-translucent

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21
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

Breakdown of red blood cells

22
Q

What does the α-variant of haemolysis look like?

A

Red blood cell breakdown only locally/adjacent to cells

23
Q

What does the β-variant of haemolysis look like?

A

Larger zone of red blood cell breakdown due to secretion of haemolytic toxins

24
Q

What does the γ-variant of haemolysis look like?

A

Very little red blood cell breakdown affecting only cells invaded by the bacteria

25
How can you classify bacteria? (5)
Shape/size/arrangement Gram-stain diffferentiation Colony characteristics Serotyping/antigens Genetic sequencing
26
What colony characteristics can be used to differentiate between types of bacteria? (6)
Morphology and size Indicator dyes Surface texture Nutrients required Haemolysis Biochemical tests
27
What is phage typing?
Bacteriophages recognise different surface proteins on bacteria Method of differentiating between bacteria
28
What can be used in genetic typing?
DNA sequencing RFLP Probes PCR
29
What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles (inc. mitochondria) and a nucleus/prokaryotes have no internal membranes Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes/prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes Not all eukaryotes have a cell wall/prokaryotes have rigid cell walls Eukaryotes are larger/prokaryotes are smaller
30
What is the size range of viruses?
10-200nm
31
What type of microscope is required to visualise viruses?
Electron microscope
32
What is the structure of a virus?
Nucleic acid packaged in protein - nucleocapsid May be naked or enveloped
33
How do viruses replicate?
1. Attach and enter cell (translocation, endocytosis, fusion) 2. Uncoats itself within host and exposes genome 3. Uses host's machinery to create more viral components and assembled 4. Virus population increases until cell breaks or enveloped viruses can bud off cell
34
Give an example of an enveloped virus.
HIV Influenza
35
Give an example of a naked virus.
Adenovirus Poliovirus Bacteriophages
36
What are the two classes of fungi?
Yeasts Moulds
37
How do fungi get their nutrients?
Digestion by extracellular enzymes
38
In what form do yeasts grow? Give an example of a yeast.
Grow as single cells but can be dimorphic Candida spp Cryptococcus spp
39
In what form do moulds grow? Give an example of a mould.
Grow as hyphae only and produce fruiting bodies with spores Aspergillus spp Penicillin spp Fusarium spp
40
What is a mycelial network/mycelium?
Mass of hyphae
41
Describe a fungal cell wall.
Lower layer of chitin sitting on top of the cell membrane Upper, thicker layer of glucan (β1,3 and β1,6) Mannoproteins on top
42
What are hyphae?
Long filaments
43
What are Koch's Postulates?
Micro-organism must be present in every case of the disease Micro-organism must be able to be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture Specified disease must be reproduced when the micro-organism is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host
44
What are commensals?
Harmless, "good" bacteria Synthesise useful nutrients
45
How do commensals protect us from pathogens?
Competitive exclusion = pathogens cannot adhere or occupy that niche
46
What are pathobionts?
Opportunistic microbes existing in normal microbial communities Under certain environmental conditions become pathogenic
47
Give an example of a pathobiont.
Candida albicans Mycobacterium tuberculosis Salmonella typhimurium C. difficile S. aureus Escherichia coli (hamburger disease)
48
How can use of antibiotics be bad for our microbiome?
Alters balance of microbe composition and allow growth of pathobionts
49
What decides the pathogenicity of a microbe?
Virulence genes of microbe Host factors
50
What host factors can increase susceptibility to a infectious disease?
Impaired immune system Hormonal changes

BDS2 PMI (21 decks)

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