PMI part 2 Flashcards
What is the second step when performing a necropsy?
Skin removal
Measure blubber from these 3 points
WHy analyze prescapular lymph nodes?
- Understand if there is any inflammation ongoing.
- On the level of the pectoral fins
- Only lymph nodes of the body
How to remove bubber?
Gas and fat embolic syndrome
Occurs when gas bubbles or fat droplets enter bloodstream and obstruct blood vessels
Ethical issues of taking skin biopsies from alive animals
- using darts to sample blubber from alive animals
- obtain a cylinder of tissue.
- There are some ethical questions about this method, especially for smaller dolphins like Delphinus or Phocoena it can have a large impact
Information obtained from skin biopsies
Skin samples can be used for…
- Parasitology
- Genetics
Where are heavy metals accumulated?
- Deeper tissues
(In skin: many organic compounds)
Name and sampling site of biggest muscle in cetacean body
- Longissimi dorsi (back muscle)
Third step when performing a necropsy
Internal examination
First step of internal examination
Examining skeletal muscle:
✓ Examine the quality of the fascia and muscle on the body before removing it
✓ Note the color, texture, thickness and abnormalities
✓ Look for hemorrhage, post mortem pooling of blood in vessels (hypostasis or post mortem lividity) and bruising (hematoma)
Capture myopathy
Capture myopathy (CM) is a non-infectious, metabolic muscle disease of wild mammals and birds associated with the stress of capture, restraint and transportation.
3 time based syndromes of capture myopathy
o peracute (characterized by hyperkalemia, cardiac fibrillation and death,
o sub-acute (characterized by tubular nephrosis, renal failure and death;
o chronic (characterized by congestive heart failure, and death.
non-lethal cases: physical impairment such as lameness or loss of the ability to walk or fly (also before death in lethal cases).
Histological findings of Capture Myopathy.
Typical histologic lesions include small areas of necrosis and occasional capillary
microthrombii within skeletal muscle and other organs are commonly reported.
Histopathology
Looking for abnormalities in the tissues under the microscope.
What are the steps for tissue preparation for histology slides?
Target Gram staining (Histology)
gram positive (blue) and negative (red) bacteria
Target Zielh Neelsen staining (histology)
Acid fast bacilli
Target Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining
Glucids, glycogen and basal membrane
Target Masson’s trichromic staining (histology)
Connective tissues (blue), blood (yellow), muscles and epithelium (red)
Target Peerl’s staining (histology)
Iron
What is the goal of histology?
To evaluate tissue’s cells morphology and possible related changes
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) aim and method
- To understand which kind of bacteria or pathogen is present
- (IHC) uses antibodies to detect the location of proteins and other antigens in tissue sections.
Since antibodies are highly specific, the antibody will bind only to the antigen of interest.
The antibody-antigen interaction is then
viewed using either a colored enzyme substrate or a fluorescent dye.