Intro and legal framework Flashcards
What is the multi-tiered approach after a stranding?
- Tier 1: external examination and stranding data collection
- Tier 2: dissection with sampling for post mortem investigations (PMI)
- Tier 3: necropsy (dissection with diagnostic aim)
Elaborate more on Tier 1 (multi-tiered approach after a stranding)
- Who? Wide range personnel with basic training
- Assess what? Only external examination, collect:
basic morphometric data
assessment decomposition condition
sex and age class determination
photographs of external features - NO CONCLUSIONS ON CAUSE OF DEATH YET
Elaborate more on Tier 2 (multi-tiered approach after a stranding)
- Who? trained responders with skills and experience
- Assess what? Thorough PMI, visualization and gross inspection of all organ systems and description of findings
- Samples should be collected for health assessment but not cause of death
- Marine litter presence and fisheries interaction assessment
Elaborate more on Tier 3 (multi-tiered approach after a stranding)
- Who? professionals (always including vet)
- Assess what? Cause of death
- Additional/ detailed analysis of data
What are the main goals of a necropsy?
- Establish cause of death
- Confirm clinical diagnosis
- Detect diseases
What are the main goals for PMI?
- Detect diseases
- Collect data for management and conservation
- Increase biological and medical knowledge
Marine mammal enforcement agencies
What are the different organizations ruling the different parts of the ocean?
Timeline of history of whale conservation
What is the International Whaling Commission (IWC)?
- Established 1946
- Global body responsible for whaling and conservation of whales
- 88 member countries, 1 commission, several committees
- Work programme includes: bycatch & entanglement, ship strikes, ocean noise, pollution and debris, and sustainable whale watching
- In 2017: built stranding initiative for training and emergency response
How many whales were caught around the world in 2017? And what are the main whaling nations?
- 1380 whales
- Norway and Japan
What are the 4 different types of whaling?
- Commercial
- Subsistence (indigenous)
- Research
- Poaching
What is UNEP?
- UN Environmental Program
- Global authority that sets environmental agenda
- Advocate for global environment
- Headquarter in Kenya
- > 193 countries
What is CITES?
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
- Aim: ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten survival of the species.
- In force in 1975
- 183 members
- > 35 000 listed species, parts and derivatives
WHat is the classification of species under CITES?
Where are cetacean and sea turtles listed under CITES?
- Cetaceans: Appendix I and II
- Sea Turtles: Appendix I
What happens to an alive animal when e.g. stranded? And to a dead one? (CITES)
- Alive: Seized and given to public or private facilities
- Dead: used for scientific or educational purposes or destroyed
When does CITES not need to be informed?
- Stranded or by-caught animals kept and transported to authorized facilities for rehabiliation and subsequent release
When should you have a register reporting specimens? (CITES)
- Keeping and/or showing to purchase/ exchange
- Rent or give for commercial purposes
- When you have a specimen derived from seizing
Diagram showing shipments and paperwork for import into the EU (CITES Species Annex I and II)
What is the MAP (Mediterranean Action Plan)/ Barcelona convention?
- Comprehensive framework aimed at protecting the Mediterranean Sea and its coastal regions from environmental degradation
- Barcelona convention and its protocols form the legal framework of the MAP
Barcelona convention background
- In 1976 during UNEP conference
- Response to growing concerns about pollution and the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources in the Mediterranean Sea.
Barcelona convention objectives
o Asses and control marine pollution
o Sustainable management of marine and coastal resources
o Integrate environment in social and economic development
o Protect natural and cultural heritage
o Strengthen solidarity among Mediterranean coastal states
o Contribute to improvement of quality of life
Barcelona convention is supplemented by several protocols
- Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas (SPA): Focuses on the protection of marine biodiversity.
- Protocol concerning Pollution from Land-Based Sources (LBS)
- Protocol concerning Cooperation in Preventing Pollution from Ships
What does Accobams stand for?
Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Contiguous Atlantic Area
What is Accobams?
- Regional agreement, under MAP
- established 1996.
- Only focusing on cetaceans.
What are the main goals of ACCOBAMS?
o Conservation and protection
o Research and monitoring
o Awareness and education
o Regional cooperation
What does Ascobans stand for?
The Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas, concluded in 1991
What is CMS?
- Conservation of Migratory species
- Aka Bonn convention
- Conservation and sustainable use of terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory animals and their habitats.
-Into force: 1st November, 1983
What are the 2 appendices of CMS?
- Appendix I: endangered migratory species or threatened with extinction
- Appendix II: migratory species with unfavourable conservation status and require international agreements for conservation and management.
EU biodiversity strategy inner core policies for achievement of targets by 2030 (7 policies)
- Birds directive
- Habitats directive
- Common agricultural policy
- Common fisheries policy and European Maritime and Fisheries fund
- Water Framework Directive
- Marine Strategy Framework Directive
- Regulation 1143/ 2014 on Invasive Alien Species
What is the 2030 Biodiversity Strategy?
- at least 20 billion euro/ year unlocked for nature
- At least 30% of EUs land and 30% sea into effectively managed and coherent protected areas
-Restore degraded ecosystems, stop further damage
- Restore 25000 km of EU rivers to be free flowing
-Reduce pesticides use by at least 50%
-Reverse decline of pollinators
- Establish biodiversity rich landscape features on at least 10% of farm lands
-Manage 25% of agricultural land under organic farming
-Plant over 3 billion diverse, biodiversity rich trees
-Tackle bycatch and seabed damage
What areas does the marine strategy framework directive (MSFD) cover?
Covers all the areas from the end of land up until the beginning of the high seas
What are the 11 descriptors of MSFD to help EU countries reach Good Environmental Status (GES)?
- Biodiversity
- Non-indigenous species
- Population of commercial fish/ shell fish
- Elements of marine food webs
- Eutrophication
- Sea floor integrity
- Alteration hydrographical conditions
- Concentrations of contaminants
- Contaminants in fish/ seafood for human consumption
- Marine litter
- introduction of energy including underwater noise
How do EU member states develop marine strategies?
Habitat Directive
Where are bottlenose dolphins and sea turtles included according to the habitats directive?
In Annex II because of interest of the EU
and specific area should be identified
Where are all other cetaceans included according to Habitat directive?
All other cetaceans are in Annex IV because of interest of the EU and a rigorous protection should be applied
What is forbidden for species included in Annex D of habitat directive?
a) capturing or killing;
b) disturbing, in particular during delicate phases;
c) acting on nests and collecting eggs.
- Holding, purchasing, transport and exchange are forbidden
What are the difference between habitat and birds directive?
Special Protection Area’s (SPA’s)
-Article 4.1 of Bird Directive: “Member states shall classify in particular the most suitable territories in number and size as special protection areas for the conservation of these species (Annex I) in the geographical sea and land area where this directive applies”
- Selection of sites is purely scientific
- Special conservation measures
Special Areas of Conservation (SAC’s)
-Article 3.1 of Habitats directive: “A coherent European ecological network of special areas of conservation shall be set up”
-Selected for hosting species or habitats of community importance
-9 biogeographical areas: Alpine, Atlantic, Black Sea, Boreal, Continental, Macaronesian, Mediterranean, Pannonian, Steppic
-Necessary conservation measures, includes: appropriate management plans and appropriate statutory, administrative or contractual measures
What is the Natura 2000 network?
Coordinated ecological network constituted by SPA’s and SAC’s: coherence.
Classification procedure of Natura 2000 network
Conservation measures in SPA’s and SAC’s
What do Article 5 (Birds Directive) and Article 12 (Habitats directive) prohibit?
- Deliberate killing or capture by any method
- Deliberate destruction or, or damage to nests and eggs
- Taking eggs from the wild and keeping them even if empty
- Deliberate disturbance of species particularly during period of breeding, rearing, hibernation and migration
- Detoriation or destruction of breeding sites or resting places
- Transport and sale or exchange of specimens
Implementing conservation measures
What info do we need of the site location?
What Ecological info do we need?
How is the Natura 2000 network managed?
- Good practices
- Mitigation measures
- Obligations
- Prohibitions
- Monitoring and investigations
Invasion curve for invasive species
Is blue crab an example of Invasive Alien Species (IAS)?
No.
- Blue crab is not invasive alien because its being sold at the e.g. fish market.
- Species under this act have to be destroyed immediately.
What is the Animal Health Law (AHL)?
- One single legal framework for EU animal health policy
- In force: 21 april 2016
What is included in AHL?
General principles for transmissible animal diseases in:
- Kept and wild animals and their products
- Terrestrial, aquatic and other animals (e.g. reptiles)
Animal health rules for:
- Disease prevention
- Disease surveillance, control and eradication
- Intra-EU movements and entry into the EU of animals and products
- Emergency measures
What is not included in AHL?
o Animal welfare
o Feed, medicated feed
o Veterinary education
o Official controls
o Animal by-products
What are important new elements in AHL?
What is difference between kept and wild animals?
What are the responsibilities of operators and vets in regards to animal health?
What is the Zoo legal framework?
What are some examples of how to get rid of whale carcasses?
- Explosion
- Whale falls
- Complete carcass burial
- Partial carcass burial
Whale carbon and oxygen flux
Fates of whale carcasses
