Marcer Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the different relationships among organisms?
What are the different forms of parasitism?
- Obligate parasite (permanent, temporary and periodic): completely dependent on the host in order to complete their life cycle.
- Facultative
- Accidental
Endoparasitism vs Ecoparasitism
Ecto: e.g. copepods and leeches
Polyparasitism vs pseudoparasitism
- Poly: cohabitingparasitic species in the same host
- Pseudo: other parasite species accidentally ingested without taking root in the host
What are the different life cycles in parasites?
- Monoxenous parasite (Direct life cycle): parasite with direct evolution on a
single host with or without a free
phase in the external environment. - Eteroxenous parasite (Indirect life cycle): one or more intermediate hosts
What is the intermediate host?
Organism NECESSARY for the
completion of the parasite life
cycle, of which it hosts one or
more LARVAL STAGES
What is the definitive host?
organism ESSENTIAL to complete
the life cycle of the parasite, which
hosts the ADULT STAGE.
Host in which parasite reaches
sexual maturity
What is a paratenic host?
Organism in which the parasite can
survive even for a long time
without undergoing a significant
development. It is not necessary
for the life cycle of the parasite
What is an accidental host?
Organisms penetrate a different
host species than usual, but which
are able to survive at least for
some time on it.
Humans are an accidental host of the parasite
Anisakis.
Determinants of (parasitic) disease
According to the conservation code of the carcass (from code 1 to code 3 for parasitological examination), a
parasitological examination should be done for many reasons….
▪ Parasite diversity in specific host population/geographical area
▪ pathogenic effects of the parasites
▪ health of the marine environment and food web
▪ biological tags (to trace migration route)
What parts of body are most important for parasitological examination?
- Skin
- Blubber and body cavity
- kidney
- GIT (many species of parasites)
- lungs
What are epbiobionts and 2 different types?
- Parasites of the skin
- Ectoparasites: : strictly depend on the host-usually high host specificity
- Commensals: obligate (ex. Coronulid barnacles), very broad host spectrum
- Xenobalanus globicipitis (Crustacea Cirripedia)
Barnacles are obligate epibionts of
- cetaceans
- sea turtles
- Sirenids
Flipper, flukes, ect
Conchoderma auritum e C. virgatum
(Cirripedia, Lepadidae)
Epibionts of cetaceans, sea turtles and fish
- Cyamidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
- Whale lice
- High host-specificy (only parasitizes humpback whales)
- Entire life cycle on the host (need direct contact for transmission)
- Short life cycle makes the louse a great candidate as biological tags to study
whale migration route
- Pennella spp (crustacea, Pennellidae)
- Copepod
- In odontocetes and whales
What is useful about whale lice?
Can be used as biological tags to study
humpback whale migration route (genetical similarity between lice of Atlantic and pacific populations = maybe interaction in feeding area).
- Pennella spp (crustacea, Pennellidae)
- Copepod
- In odontocetes and whales
How can crustacean ecoparasites be used as health indicators in cetaceans?
If an animal has already other
disease it can swim slower, which allows the attachment of larval stages of parasites
What does Pennella spp feed on?
Blood. They reach an area called ‘Fascia’ under skin and blubber
What are definitve and intermediate hosts of pennella?
Pennella females attached to cetaceans and fish as definitive hosts.
The intermediate hosts are cephalopods
What does this image show?
All the sequences clustered together, confirming that Pennella specimens
from large cetaceans and fish are probably the same species adapted to different
host species
Top: Merocercoid Phyllobothriidea (Clistobothrium spp.) larvae
Bottom: Plerocercoid Phyllobothriidea (Clistobothrium spp.) larvae (SPL and LPL)
- Different tissues and morphology
(Intermediate hosts for merocercoids and plerocercoid Phyllobothriidea (Clistobothrium spp.) larvae)
Clistobothrium (= Phyllobothrium) delphini
- merocercoid larvae
(Intermediate hosts for merocercoids and plerocercoid Phyllobothriidea (Clistobothrium spp.) larvae)
Clistobothrium (=Monorygma) grimaldii - merocercoid larvae
(Intermediate hosts for merocercoids and plerocercoid Phyllobothriidea (Clistobothrium spp.) larvae)
Clistobothrium n. sp. 4 Plerocercoid larvae (LPL)
Life cycle Clistobothrium delphini, C. grimaldii and LPL
Don’t know the definitive host for Clistobothrium delphini and grimaldii
- Crassicauda sp. (Nematoda, Spirurida) in subcutaneous fascia
- 12 host species (Odontocetes and Mysticetes)
- Morpholigcally distibguished on presence/ absence of spicules
In what tissues can Crassicauda sp be present?
- Urogenital system
- Muscle
- Fascia
- Air sinuses
- Blubber-fascia
- Mammary gland
- Placenta (sperm whale)
Nematode tails in the proximal ureteral lumen in the kidney of the fin whale
Mineralized and digitiform formation partially obliterating the vascular lumen of a renal artery of the fin whale
What could be the result of severe C. boopis infections in fin whales?
Could be lethal by inducing congestive kidney
failure, and that moderate infections cause extensive injury to the vascular system
Crassicaudosis
- Endemic disease in fin whale population in Atlantic waters
- Yearly incidence of about 90-95%
- Potential for causing lethal systemic effects
- One of the causes of natural mortality
in large balaenopterid population
Life cycle C.boopis
- Dh: fin whale, humpback whale, blue whale.
Present in Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Mediterranean Sea.
What can this picture indicate in relation to C.boopi?
Transmission of the larvae/larvated eggs from the mother to her calf (crassicaudosis in young fin whale) during the period of nursing (close anatomic proximity of the external urethral orifice and the mammary grooves
Primary infective route of C.boopi in whales?
- Penetration of the wall of gastrointestinal tract by C.boopis larvae that are ingested by the whale
- migration larvae up the mesenteric arteries and the aorta
- 2 ways of entry into the kidney (definitive habitat):
- from the aorta directly within the wall of the arterial system
- by the arterial blood flow - Developing larvae would have easy access to both the urinary ductwork and the renal veins
- By further developing in the
venous system of the kidney, the adult stage could then extend from the urinary ducts to the caval vein
Which parasite can be found in pterygoid sinuses?
- C. grampicola
- in tympanic bullae and pterygoid sinuses of Grampus griseus
- It can cause purulent sinusitis and osteitis with erosion of the bones of skull
(extending to the inner ear and brain) - The head of the parasite is strongly embedded in the mucosa, while the body and tail remain free into the lumen of the sinus
What species of parasite can be found in the stomach?
Anisakis spp
What species of parasite can be found in the stomach?
- Pholeter gastrophilus (Trematoda)
Odontocetes (Delphinidae): fundic, pyloric compartment, connecting channel (parasite
burden, diet and digestive physiology of the host species seem to influence the
distribution of the parasite
What species of parasite can be found in the stomach?
- Pholeter gastrophilus
Trematoda
Heterophydae
What species of parasite can be found in the stomach?
- Pholeter gastrophilus
Trematoda
Heterophydae - Localization near the muscular ostium that divides the two chambers not allowing the
progression of food, causing alteration of the normal organ’s activity
What species of parasite can be found in the stomach?
Braunina cordiformis (Trematoda, Brauninidae)
What species of parasite can be found in the intestine?
- Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum(Cestoda)
- a zoonotic tapeworm
- Human infections occur by eating raw
marine fish
Trigonocotyle globicephalae (cestoda)
What species of parasite can be found in the intestine?
Ogmogaster antarcticus (Trematoda) in Balaenoptera physalus
What species of parasite can be found in the intestine?
Hadwenius tursionis (Trematoda) in dolphins
What species of parasite can be found in the intestine? And what are the 2 different genera of this species?
Acanthocephala (Polymorphidae)
2 different genera:
Bolbosoma, present in cetaceans
Corynosoma present in pinniped
dh is marine mammals, intermediate one is crustaceans, and the permanent is marine fish
What species of parasite can be found in the lungs of cetaceans (not in Mysticetes)?
- Pseudaliidae
- Genera most commonly found in Mediterranean cetaceans:
● Halocercus spp. (5-9 cm) (pulmonary parenchyma - bronchi and bronchioles)
● Skrjabinalius guevarai (7-8 cm) (bronchi and bronchioles)
● Stenurus spp. (3-4, 5 cm) (lung and air sinuses)
▪ S. globicephalae (3-4,5 cm) (air sinuses)
▪ S. ovatus (1.6-3.9 cm) (bronchiolar lumen)
▪ S. minor (1.7-2.6 cm) (lung, tympanic bubble)
What are the symptoms of having Pseudaliidae parasite in the lungs in cetaceans?
- Difficulty with echolocation, orientation and diving abilities
- Bronchopneumonia (inflammation of alveoli)
can lead to mortality in juveniles
What parasite species can we see here?
Stenurus ovatus
(Pseudaliidae)
Pseudaliidae (viviparous nematodes)
