PMHP Flashcards
What is the definition of public dental health?
It is the science and practice of preventing oral disease, promoting oral health and improving quality of life through the organised efforts of society
List the different models of smoking cessation
SCAPE 30 second approach 5 As ABC 3 As Ask, Advise, Refer
In smoking cessation, what are the 5 As?
Ask your patient Advise your patient Assess your patient Assist your patient Arrange follow up
In smoking cessation what is ABC
Ask your patient about smoking Brief advice to quit given Cessation support
In smoking cessation, what are the 3 As?
Ask - establish and record smoking status Advise on personal benefits of quitting in light of findings in the mouth Act - offer help and signpost
In smoking cessation, what are the 2 As and 1 R?
Ask your patient about smoking Advise your patient about smoking Refer to stop smoking services
In smokers, what are pack years?
1 pack per day (20) = 1 pack year 10 cigarettes per day for ten years = 5 pack years
what are the weekly limits of alcohol for men and women?
men and women should drink no more than 14 units per week and it is best to spread these evenly over 3 or more days
what acts regulate alcohol in Scotland?
- Licencing (Scotland) Act - Alcohol etc (Scotland) Act - Criminal justice and licencing (Scotland) Act - Air weapons and licencing (Scotland) Act - Local government (Scotland) Act
What factors have reduced alcohol consumption in Scotland?
-Changing Scotlands relationship with alcohol - framework for action plan - Government placing minimum drink pricing per unit of alcohol - Government on multi-buy drink promotions - Increased investment in alcohol treatment and care services with available access - Introduction of the Scottish lower drink drive limit of 22 micrograms of alcohol per 100ml
Describe a cohort study
*Participants are recruited to a study and followed up over time. Exposures and diseases are measured prospectively
Describe a randomised control trial
*Participants are allocated by chance to different interventions and followed up and outcomes assessed.
*Considered the gold standard for effectiveness and efficacy when comparing one treatment to another
*Provide the strongest evidence on the effectiveness of treatments in clinical trials
Describe a case report/series report
Description of the medical history of one or more patients
Describe a cross sectional study
Observational study that analyses data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time
Describe systematic review and meta analysis
All the evidence for RCTs looking at effectiveness of a particular treatment are synthesised
Describe a case-control study
People with a disease are matched to those without it and earlier exposure to different factors are compared
Describe what incidence is
*The number of new disease cases developing over a specific period of time in a defined population
*Incidence rate = number of new cases of a disease in a period/number of individuals in the population at risk
*Incidence estimates are obtained from longitudinal studies or derived from registers
Describe what prevalence is
*The number of disease cases in a population at a given time
*prevalence = the number of affected individuals/total number of persons in a population
*prevalence estimates are obtained from cross-sectional studies or derived from registers that can relate to attributes or absence or presence of a disease
What is the SIMD and what is it used for?
* Scotish Index of Multiple Deprivation which is an area based index which uses a range of data to decide which neighbourhoods are most deprived by ranking data zones in order of deprivation from 1 (most deprived) to 5/10 (least deprived)
What are the seven factors of deprivation?
*Employment status
*Income
*Health and health care services
*Geographic access to services
*Crime
*Housing, living and working conditions
*Education, skills and training
What are the three main type of study trials?
*Randomised control trial
*Cohort studies
*Case control studies
What are convidence intervals?
*A confidence interval tells us the range of values that a true population treatment effect is likely to lie
*A CI that overlaps the value of no difference provides insufficient evidence
*A narrow CI is better as the larger the sample, the narrower the CI
What are P values?
*Used in statistics to help determine the significance of the results
*P value less than 0.05 means you reject the null hypothesis and your results are statistically significant
What is the highest level of evidence study?
Cochrane reviews which are systematic assessments of all the relevant RCTs which give the highest level of evidence
What are the advantages of Cochrane reviews? (3)
*Randomisation reduces bias
*Gold standard for comparing the effectiveness of one treatment to another
*Control group comarability to no treatment
How can you confirm if results are statistically significant with regards to confidence intervals and P values?
*When the confidence limit does not overlap 1 the results are statistically significant
*If the P value is less than 0.05 the results are statistically significant
What is relative risk? (3)
*Relative risk is the ratio of incidence rate in exposed groups to incidence rates in non exposed groups
* It is the measurement of proportionate increase in disease rates in exposed groups
* It makes allowance for frequency of disease amongst people not exposed to supposed harmful agents
Give four features of a randomised double blind control trial?
*Randomised double blind reducing bias of results which means the patients weren’t aware of the treatment they received and were randomly selected to a group
* Compares one treatement to a placebo or current treatment to investigate if there is any statistical significance to the results
* The randomisation of these studies facilitates statistical analysis
* follow up over two years which will give increased results for analysing
* Rely on a large number of volunteers
