PMHNP exam Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Definition:
- The client’s right to assume that information given to the healthcare provider will not be disclosed
- Protected under federal statute through the Medical Record Confidentiality Act of 1995
- Pertains to verbal and written client information
- Requires that the provider discuss confidentiality issues with clients, establish consent, and clarify and any questions about disclosure of information.
- Requires that provider obtain a signed medical authorization and consent form to release medical records and information when requested by the client or another healthcare provider.
A
Confidentiality
2
Q
Definition:
- The first national comprehensive privacy protection act
- Guarantees clients four fundamental rights: 1. To be educated about HIPAA privacy protection, 2. To have access to their own medical records, 3. To request amendment of their health information to which they object, and 4. To require their permission for disclosure of their personal information.
A
HIPAA
3
Q
Definition:
- When appropriate persons or organizations determine that the need for information outweighs the principle of confidentiality
- If a client reveals an intent to harm self or others
- Information given to attorneys involved in litigation
- Releasing records to insurance companies.
- Answering court orders, subpoenas, or summonses
- Meeting state requirements for mandatory reporting of disease or conditions
- Tarasoff principle: duty to warn potential victim of imminent danger of homicidal clients
- In cases of child or elder abuse.
A
Exceptions to guaranteed confidentiality
4
Q
Definition:
1. Persons younger than 18 years old who are married, parents, or self-sufficiently living away from the family domicile
A
Emancipated minors
5
Q
Definition:
- Duty: the NP had a duty to exercise reasonable care when undertaking and providing treatment to the client
- Breah of duty: the NP violated the applicable standard of care in treating the client’s condition.
- Proximate cause: There is a causal relationship between the breach in the standard of care and the client’s injuries.
- Damages: The client experiences permanent and substantial damages as a result of the breach in the standard of care.
A
Four Elements of negligence that must be established to prove malpractice.
6
Q
Definition:
- Person has a diagnosed psychiatric disorder
- Person is harmful to self or others as a consequence of the disorder
- Person is unaware or unwilling to accept the nature and severity of the disorder
- Treatment is likely to improve function
A
Commitment basic criteria
7
Q
Developmental Stage for:
Trust vs. mistrust
Ability to form meaningful relationships, hope about the future, trust in others
Developmental failure: poor relationships, lack of future hope, suspicious of others
A
Infancy Birth-1 year
8
Q
Developmental Stage for:
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Self-control, self esteem, willpower
Developmental failure: poor self control, low self esteem, self doubt, lack of independence
A
Early childhood 1-3 years
9
Q
Developmental Stage for:
Initiative vs guilt
Self-directed behavior, goal formation, sense of purpose
Developmental failure: Lack of self initiated behavior, lack of goal orientation
A
Late childhood 3-6 years
10
Q
Developmental Stage for:
Industry vs inferiority
Ability to work; sense of competency and achievement
Developmental failure: Sense of inferiority; difficulty with working, learning
A
School-age 6-12 years
11
Q
Developmental Stage for
Identity vs. role confusion
Personal sense of identity
Developmental failure: Identity confusion, poor self-identification in group settings
A
Adolescence 12-20 years
12
Q
Developmental Stage for
Intimacy vs isolation
Committed relationships, capacity to love
Developmental failure: Emotional isolation, egocentrism
A
Early adulthood 20-35 years
13
Q
Developmental Stage for
Generativity vs self-absorption or stagnation
ability to give time and talents to others, ability to care for others
Developmental failure: self-absorption, inability to grow and change as a person, inability to care for others
A
Middle adulthood 35-65 years
14
Q
Developmental Stage for
Integrity vs despair
Fulfillment and comfort with life, willingness to face death, insight and balanced perspective on life’s event
Developmental failure: Bitterness, sense of dissatisfaction with life, despair over impending death
A
Late adulthood greater then 65 years of age
15
Q
Typical age of onset for intellectual disability
A
infancy-usually evident at birth
16
Q
Typical age of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
A
Early childhood per DSM 5 by age 12
17
Q
Typical age of schziophrenia
A
18 to 25 years for men
25 to 35 years for women
18
Q
Typical age of major depression
A
Late adolescence to young adulthood
19
Q
Typical age of dementia
A
most common after age 85
20
Q
Three primary psychic structures make up the mind and personality and are responsible for mental functioning:
Contains primary drives or instincts, urges, or fantasies
Drives are largely unconscious, sexual, or aggressive in content, and infantile in nature
Operates on the pleasure principle; seeks immediate satisfaction
Is present at birth and motivates early infantile actions
A
The Id
21
Q
Three primary psychic structures make up the mind and personality and are responsible for mental functioning:
Contains the concept of external reality
Rational mind; responsible for logical and abstract thinking
Functions in adaptation
Mediates between the demands of drives and environmental realities
Operates on the reality principle
Begins to develop at birth as infant struggles to deal with environment
Responsible for use of defense mechanisms
The go says, “I think, I evaluate”
A
The Ego
22
Q
Three primary psychic structures make up the mind and personality and are responsible for mental functioning:
Is the ego-ideal
Contains sense of conscience or right versus wrong
Also contains aspirations, ideals, and moral values
Regulated by guilt and shame
Begins to fully develop around age six as a child comes into contact with external authority figures such as other parents, schoolteachers, coaches, or religious figures
The superego says “I should or outght”
A
The Superego
23
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development:
Primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification:
Stage and Age:
Sucking, chewing, feeding, crying
Psychiatric disorders linked to failure of stage: schizophrenia, substance abuse, paranoia
A
Oral stage 0-18 months
24
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development:
Primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification:
Stage and Age:
Sphincter control, activities of expulsion and retention
Psychiatric disorders linked to failure of stage:
Depressive disorders
A
Anal Stage 18 months-3 years
25
Freud's psychosexual stages of development:
Primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification:
Stage and Age:
Exhibitionism, masturbation with focus on Oedipal conflict, castration anxiety, and female fear of lost maternal love
Psychiatric disorders linked to failure of stage: Sexual identity disorders
Phallic stage 3-6 years
26
Freud's psychosexual stages of development:
Primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification:
Stage and Age:
Peer relationships, learning, motor skills development, socialization
Psychiatric disorders linked to failure of stage: Inability to form social relationships
Latency stage 6 years to puberty
27
Freud's psychosexual stages of development:
Primary means of discharging drives and achieving gratification:
Stage and Age:
Integration and synthesis of behaviors from early stages, primary genital-based sexuality
Psychiatric disorders linked to failure of stage: Sexual perversion disorder
Genital stage Puberty forward
28
Which Theory?
Human development evolves through cognition, learning, and comprehending
Factors such as native endowment and biological and environmental factors set the course for a child's development.
Cognitive theory: Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980)
29
What are these?
Denial, Projection, Regression, Repression, Reaction formation, Rationalization, Undoing, Intellectualization, Suppression, Sublimation, Altruism
Defense Mechanisms
30
Avoidance of unpleasant realities by unconsciously ignoring their existence
Denial
31
Unconscious rejection of emotionally unacceptable personal attributes, beliefs, or actions by attributing them to other people, situations, or events
Projection
32
Return to more comfortable thoughts, behaviors, or feelings used in earlier stages of development in response to current conflict, stress, or threat
Regression
33
Often called overcompensation; unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behaviors are pushed from conscious awareness by displaying and acting on the opposite feeling, thought, or behavior
Reaction formation
34
Justification of illogical, unreasonable ideas, feelings, or actions by developing an acceptable explanation that satisfies the person
Rationalization
35
Behaviors that attempt to make up for or undo an unacceptable action, feelings, or impulse
Undoing
36
Attempts to master current stressors or conflict by expansion of knowledge, explanation, or understanding
Intellectualization
37
Conscious analog of repression; conscious denial of a disturbing situation, feeling, or event
Suppression
38
Unconscious process of substitution of socially acceptable, constructive activity for strong unacceptable impulse
Sublimation
39
Meeting the needs of others in order to discharge drives, conflicts, or stressors
Altruism
40
1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years): the critical achievement of this stage is object permanence
2. Preoperational (2-7 years): more extensive use of language and symbolism; magical thinking
3. Concrete Operations (7-12 years): Child begins to use logic; develops concepts of reversibility and conservation
4. Formal Operations (12 years to adult): Ability to think abstractly; thinking operates in a formal, logical manner
Four stages of cognitive development in Jean Piaget Cognitive Theory
41
What theory?
Behavior occurs because of interpersonal dynamics
Interpersonal relationships and experiences influence one's personality development, which is called the self-system (the total components of personality traits).
Understanding behavior: the drive for satisfaction (basic human drives such as sleep, sex, hunger) and the drive for security (conforming to social norms of a person's reference group).
When the person's need for satisfaction and security is interfered with by the self-system, mental illness occurs.
Humans experience anxiety and behavior is directed toward relieving the anxiety, which then results in interpersonal security.
Interpersonal theory (Harry Stack Sullivan, 1892-1949)
42
What theory?
Health model rather than illness model
A hierarchical organization of needs
Hypothesizes that certain needs are more important to than others
States that a person will attempt to meet more important needs first before satisfying other needs
Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Abraham Maslow, 1908-1970)
43
```
What theory?
Survival
Safety and security needs
Love and belonging
Self-esteem
Self-actualizations
```
Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Abraham Maslow)
44
Developmental Task: Oral gratification; anxiety occurs for the first time
Infancy Birth to 18 months
45
Developmental Task: Delayed gratification
Childhood 18 months to 6 years
46
Developmental Task: Forming of peer relationships
Juvenile 6 to 9 years
47
Developmental Task: Same sex relationships
Preadolescence 9-12 years
48
Developmental Task: Opposite-sex relationships
Early adolescence 12-14 years
49
Developmental Task: Self-identity developed
Late adolescence 14-21 years
50
```
What model?
Explains that healthy people do not always take advantage of screening or preventative programs because of the following certain variables:
1. Perception of susceptibility
2. Seriousness of illness
3. Perceived benefits of treatment
4. Perceived barriers to change
5. Expectations of efficacy
```
Health Belief Model (Marshall Becker, 1940-1993)
51
What model?
States that change such as in health behaviors occurs in sex predictable stages:
1. Precontemplation: the person has no intention to change
2. Contemplation: The person is thinking about changing; is aware that there is a problem but not committed to changing.
3. Preparation The person has made the decision to change; is ready for action
4. Action: The person is engaging in specific, overt actions to change.
5. Maintenance: The person is engaging in behaviors to prevent relapse
Transtheoretical Model of Change
52
Components of what?
1. Focused, goal directive therapy
2. Builds on the Transtheoretical Model of Change
3. Motivation is elicited from the client
4. Nonconfrontational, nonadversarial
Motivational Interviewing (Miller & Rollnick, 1991)
53
What Theory?
1. Behavior is the result of cognitive and environmental factors
2. People learn by observing others, relying on role-modeling
3. Self efficacy is the perception of one's ability to perform a certain task at a certain level of accomplishment.
4. Behavioral change and maintenance are functions of outcome expectations and efficacy expectations.
Self-efficacy and social learning theory (Albert Andura, born 1925)
54
Nursing Theory:
Regardless of the culture, care is the unifying focus and the essence of nursing
Health and well-being can be predicted through cultural care
Theory of cultural care (Madeline Leininger, born 1925)
55
Nursing Theory:
| Self-care: Activities that maintain life, health, and well-being
Theory of Self-Care (Dorothy Orem, 1914-2007)
56
Nursing Theory:
First significant psychiatric nursing theory
Based in part on interpersonal theory
Sees nursing as an interpersonal process in which all interventions occur within the context of the nurse-client relationship
The therapeutic nurse-client relationship is central to nursing
Includes phases of the nurse-client relationship: orientation phase, working phase, and termination phase.
Promoting adaptive responses is the goal of nursing
Behavior represents the person trying to adapt to internal or environmental forces.
Therapeutic Nurse-Client relationship theory or interpersonal theory (hildegard peplau, 1909-1999)
57
Nursing theory:
Caring is an essential component of nursing
"Carative factors" guide the core of nursing and should be implemented in health care.
Carative factors are those aspects of care that potentiate therapeutic healing and relationships.
Caring Theory (Jean Watson, born 1940)
58
Term:
| Process in which a third party reviews evidence from both sides and makes a decision to settle the case
Arbitration
59
What is?
The basic cellular unit of the nervous system
The microprocessor of the brain responsible for conducting impulses from one part of the body to another
Cell body: also known as soma; made up of the nucleus and cytoplasm within cell membrane
Stem or axon: transmits signals away from the neuron's cell body to connect with other neurons and cells
Dendrites: collect incoming signals from other neurons and send the signal toward the neuron's cell body
Neuron
60
What is?
Composed of two separate, interconnected divisions:
Central nervous system: spinal cord and brain
Peripheral nervous system: connect the CNS to receptors, muscles, and glands. Includes the cranial nerves just outside the brain stem. Comprises the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Nervous System
61
What is?
| Conveys information from the CNS to skeletal muscles; responsible for voluntary movements
Somatic nervous system
62
What is?
Regulates internal body functions to maintain homeostasis; conveys information from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; responsible for involuntary movement; divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
63
What is?
| The excitatory division; prepares the body for stress (flight or fight); stimulates or increases activity of organs
Sympathetic nervous system
64
What is?
| Maintains or restores energy; inhibits or decreases activity of organs
Parasympathetic nervous system
65
Brain tissues is categorized as either blank or blank?
White matter or gray matter
66
Is the myelinated axons of neurons
white matter
67
Is composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites; it is the working area of the brain and contains the synapses, the area of neuronal connection
gray matter
68
Structured to contain grooves and dips of corrugated wrinkles within the brain tissue that provide anatomical landmarks or reference points
Outermost surface of the brain
69
Small shallow grooves in the brain
sulci
70
deeper groves extending into the brain
fissures
71
Are the raised tissue areas
gyri
72
The brain is subdivided into the blank and the blank
cerebrum and the brainstem
73
Is the largest part of the brain, which is divided into two halves, the right and left blank hemispheres
Cerebrum
74
This hemisphere is Dominant in most people
left
75
Both hemisphere connected by a large bundle of white matter, the blank, an area of sensorimotor information exchange between the two hemispheres.
corpus callosum
76
Each hemisphere is divided into blank major lobes
four
77
Largest and most developed lobe
Motor function
premotor area: coordinates movements of multiple muscles
Association cortex: allows for multimodal sensory input to trigger memory and lead to decision making
Seat of executive function: working memory, reasoning, planning, prioritizing, sequencing behavior, insight, flexibility, judgment, impulse control, behavioral cueing, intelligence, abstraction
Language (Broca's area)
Personality variables
Problems in this lobe can lead to personality changes, emotional, and intellectual changes.
Frontal lobe
78
Which lobe?
Language (Wernicke's area): receptive speech or language comprehension
Primary auditory area
memory
Emotion
Integration of vision with sensory information
Problems in this lobe can lead to visual or auditory hallucinations, aphasia, and amnesia
Temporal lobe
79
Which lobe?
primary visual cortex
integration area: integrates vision with other sensory information
Problems in this lobe can lead to visual field defects, blindness, and visual hallucinations
occipital lobe
80
which lobe?
primary sensory area, taste, reading and writing, problems in this lobe can lead to sensor-perceptual disturbances and agnosia (inability to recognize things visual, auditory, and tactile).
parietal lobe
81
This brain region includes the cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia
Cerebrum
82
What area of the Cerebrum?
controls wide array of behaviors
controls the contra lateral side of the body
sensory information is relayed from the thalamus and then processed and integrated in the cortex
responsible for much of the behavior that makes us human: speech, cognition, judgment, perception, and motor function
Cerebral cortex
83
What area of the Cerebrum?
Essential system for the regulation and modulation of emotions and memory
Composed of the hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and the amygdala
Limbic system
84
Plays key roles in various regulatory functions such as appetite, sensations of hunger and thirst, water balance, circadian rhythms, body temperature, libido, and hormonal regulation
Hypothalamus
85
Sensory relay station except for smell; modulates flow of sensory information to prevent overwhelming the cortex; regulates emotions, memory, and related affective behaviors
Thalamus
86
Regulates memory and converts short-term memory into long term memory
Hippocampus
87
Responsible for mediating mood, fear, emotion, and aggression; also responsible for connecting sensory smell information with emotions
Amygdala
88
What area of cerebrum?
Also known as the corpus striatum
serves as complex feedback system to modulate and stabilize somatic motor activity
plays a role in movement initiation; complex motor functions with association connections
function in learning and automatic actions such as walking or driving care
contains extrapyramdial motor system or nerve tract
functions in involuntary motor activities
Many psychotropic medications can affect the extrapyramidal motor nerve track, causing involuntary movements side effects
contains both the caudate and the putamen
problems in this area can lead to bradkinesia, hyperkinesia, and dystonia.
Basal ganglia
89
Made up of cells that produce neurotransmitters
| Includes the midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum, and reticular formation
Brainstem
90
Houses the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra (areas of dopamine synthesis in Brainstem
Midbrain
91
Houses the locus ceruleus (area of norepinehprine synthesis)
Pons
92
Together with the pons, contains autonomic control centers that regulate internal body functions
Medulla
93
Responsible for maintaining equilibrium; acts as a gross movement control center (e.g., control movements, balance, posture)
Problems with this can lead to ataxia (uncoordinated and inaccurate movements)
Romberg test is important for detecting deficiencies in this functioning.
Cerebellum
94
The primitive brain
Receives input from cortex; an integration area for input from post sensory pathways
Innervates thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex
Regulation functions include: involuntary movement, reflex, muscle tone, vital sign control, blood pressure, respiratory rate, critical to consciousness and ability to mentally focus, to be alert and pay attention to environmental stimuli.
Reticular formation system
95
Two classes of cells are in the nervous system:
glia and neurons
96
structures that form the myelin sheath around axons and provide protection and support
glia
97
nerve cells responsible for conducting impulses from one part of the body to another
neurons
98
Cell body, dendrites, and axons are components of what?
Neurons
99
Also known as soma; made up of the nucleus and cytoplasm within the cell membrane
Cell body
100
Receive information to conduct impulse toward the cell body
Dendrites
101
Sends or conducts information away from cell body
Axon
102
The connection site and area of communication between neurons where neurotransmitters are released
synapse or synaptic cleft
converts an electrical signal (action potential ) from the presynaptic neuron into a chemical signal (neuron transmitter) that is transferred to the postsynaptic neuron
103
blank are released at the synaptic cleft as the result of an electrical activity (action potential).
neurotransmitters
104
The initial phase of the action potential, when sodium and calcium ions flow into the cells
depolarization
105
The restoration phase (an inhibitory response), when potassium leaves the cell or chloride enters the cell
Repolarization
106
Chemicals synthesized from dietary substrates that communicate information from one cell to another
neurotransmitters
107
Monoamines, amino acids, cholinergics, neuropeptides
Are categories of neurotransmitters
108
1. Neurotransmitter must be present in the nerve terminal
2. Stimulation of neuron must cause release of neurotransmitter in sufficient quantities to cause an action to occur at postsynaptic membrane.
3. Effects of exogenous transmitter on postsynaptic membrane must be similar to those caused by stimulation of presynaptic neuron
4. A mechanism for inactivation or metabolism of the neurotransmitter must exist in the area of the synapse
5. Exogenous drugs should alter the dose-response curve of the neurotransmitter in a manner similar to the naturally occurring synaptic potential.
Classification requirements for neurotransmitters
109
Biogenic amines: dopaimine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin are examples of what neurotransmitters
Monoamines
110
What neurotransmitter? Known as a catecholamine; produced in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area; precursor is tyrosine; removed from the syanptic cleft by monoamine oxidse (MAO) enzyme action
Dopamine
111
What kind of pathways are these?
| mesocortical, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular
The four dopaminergic pathways
112
What neurotransmitter?
Also non as a catecholamine; produced in the locus ceruleus of the pons; precursor is tyrosine; removed from the synaptic cleft and returned to storage via an active reuptake process; major neurotransmitter implicated in mood, anxiety, and concentration disorders.
Norepinephrine
113
What neurotransmitter?
Also known as a catecholamine; produced by the adrenal glands; epinephrine system also referred to as the adrenergic system
Epinephrine
114
What neurotransmitter?
Known as an indole; produced in the raphe nucei of the brainstem; precursor is tryptophan; removed from the synaptic cleft and returned to storage via an active reuptake process; major neurotransmitter implicated in mood and anxiety disorders
Serotonin
115
What neurotransmitter?
Universal excitatory neurotransmitter; major neurotransmitter involved in process of kindling, which is implicated in seizure disorders and possibly bipolar disorder; imbalance implicated in mood disorders and schizophrenia
Glutamate
116
What neurotransmitter?
| Another excitatory neurotransmitter; works with glutamate
Aspartate
117
What neurotransmitter?
Universal inhibitory neurotransmitter; site of action of benzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturates, and other CNS depressants
GABA
118
What neurotransmitter?
| Another inhibitory neurotransmitter; works with GABA
Glycine
119
What neurotransmitter?
| Synthesized by the basal nucleus of meynert
Acetylcholine
120
What neurotransmitter?
| There is a nonopioid and opioid type, modulates pain, decreased levels of this is thought to cause substance abuse
Neuropeptides
121
Enzymatic destruction occurs either in the blank or in the blank. The neurotransmitter can be destroyed by the enzymes monoamine oxidase in the blank or catechol-o-methyl transferase intracellularly or in the blank
cystosol, synapse
122
Acetylcholine decreases causes
Alzheimer's disease and impaired memory
123
Aceytlcholine increase causes
Parkinsonian symptoms
124
Dopamine Increase causes
Schizophrenia and psychosis
125
Dopamine Decrease causes
Substance abuse, anhedonia (inability to feel happiness), Parkinson's disease
126
Norepinephrine Decrease causes
Depression
127
Norepinephrine Increase causes
Anxiety
128
Serotonin Decrease causes
Depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia
129
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Decrease causes
Anxiety Disorders
130
Glutamate increase causes
Bipolar affective disorder, psychosis from ischemic neurotoxicity or excessive pruning
131
Glutamate decrease causes
memory and learning difficulty, negative symptoms of schizophrenia
132
Opioid neuropeptides decrease causes
substance abuse
133
General function of what neurotransmitter?: Thinking, decision-making, reward-seeking behavior, fine muscle action, integrated cognition
Dopamine D1-like, D2-like
134
Symptoms of Deficit of this neurotransmitter: mild: poor impulse control, poor spatiality, and lack of abstractive thought. severe: Parkinson's disease, endocrine alterations, and movement disorders.
Dopamine D1-like, D2-like
135
Symptoms of Excess of this neurotransmitter: Mild: improved creativity, improved ability for abstract thinking, improved executive functioning, and improved spatiality
Dopamine D1-like, D2-like
136
General function of what neurotransmitter? Alertness, focused attention, orientation, primes "fight or flight, learning, and memory
norepinephrine alpha 1 and alpha 2
137
Symptoms of Deficit of this neurotransmitter: dullness, low energy, and depressive affect
norepinephrine alpha 1 and alpha 2
138
Symptoms of excess of this neurotransmitter: anxiety, hyper alertness, increased startle, paranoia, and decreased appetite
norepinephrine alpha 1 and alpha 2
139
General function of what neurotransmitter? Regulation of sleep, pain perception, mood states, temperature, regulation of aggression, libido, precursor for melatonin
Serotonin, 5HT1a, 5HT1d, 5HT2, 5HT2a, 5hT3, 5HT4
140
Symptoms of deficit of this neurotransmitter: irritability, hostility, depression, sleep dysregulation, loss of appetite, loss of libido
Serotonin, 5HT1a, 5HT1d, 5HT2, 5HT2a, 5hT3, 5HT4
141
Symptoms of excess of this neurotransmitter: sedation, increased aggression, hallucinations (rare)
Serotonin, 5HT1a, 5HT1d, 5HT2, 5HT2a, 5hT3, 5HT4
142
General function of what neurotransmitter? Attention, memory, thirst, mood regulation, REM sleep, sexual behavior, muscle tone
Acetylcholine, Nicotinic, Muscarinic
143
Symptoms of deficit of this neurotransmitter: lack of inhibition, decreased memory, euphoria, antisocial action, speech decrease, dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation
Acetylcholine, Nicotinic, Muscarinic
144
Symptoms of excess of this neurotransmitter: over-inhibition, anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, self-consciousness, drooling, and extrapyramidal movements
Acetylcholine, Nicotinic, Muscarinic
145
General function of what neurotransmitter: Reduces arousal, reduces aggression, reduces anxiety, reduces excitation
GABA, GABAa, GABAb
146
Symptoms of deficit of this neurotransmitter: irritability, hostility, tension and worry, anxiety, seizure activity
GABA, GABAa, GABAb
147
Symptoms of excess of this neurotransmitter: reduced cellular excitability, sedation, impaired memory
GABA, GABAa, GABAb
148
General function of this neurotransmitter: Memory, sustained automatic functions
Glutamate, AMPA, MNDA
149
Symptoms of deficit of this neurotransmitter: poor memory, low energy, distractible
Glutamate, AMPA, MNDA
150
Symptoms of excess of this neurotransmitter: kindling, seizures, anxiety of panic
Glutamate, AMPA, MNDA
151
General function of this neurotransmitter: modulate emotions, reward-center function, consolidation of memory, modulate reactions to stress
Peptides: opioid type mu, kappa, epsilon, delta, and sigma
152
Symptoms of deficit of this neurotransmitter: hypersensitivity to pain and stress, decreased pleasure sensation, dysphoria
Peptides: opioid type mu, kappa, epsilon, delta, and sigma
153
Symptoms of excess of this neurotransmitter: catatonic like movement disturbance, auditory hallucinations, decreased memory
Peptides: opioid type mu, kappa, epsilon, delta, and sigma
