Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, and Behavior PMHNP Flashcards
Studying for first test in final PMHNP class
What is? The basic cellular unit of the nervous system, the microprocessor of the brain responsible for conducting impulses from one part of the body to another
The Neuron (“Nerve Cells”)
What is? Also known as soma; made up of the nucleus and cytoplasm within cell membrane
Cell body
What is? Transmits signals away from the neuron’s cell body to connect with other neurons and cells
Stem or axon
What is? Collect incoming signals from other neurons and send the signal toward the neuron’s cell body
Dendrites
What is? Composed of two separate, interconnected divisions. What are they called?
Nervous system: Central Nervous system and Peripheral nervous system
What is? Composed of the spinal cord and the brain
Central Nervous system
What is? Composed of the peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to receptors, muscles, and glands. Includes the cranial nerves just outside the brain stem. Comprises the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system
What is? Conveys information from the CNS to skeletal muscles; responsible for voluntary movement
Somatic nervous system
What is? Regulates internal body functions to maintain homeostasis; conveys information form the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; responsible for involuntary movement.
Autonomic nervous system
What is? Divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Autonomic nervous system
What is? The excitatory division ; prepares the body for stress (fight or flight); stimulates or increases activity of organs
Sympathetic nervous system
What is? Maintains or restores energy; inhibits or decreases activity of organs.
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is? Either categorized as white or gray matter?
Brain tissue
What is? composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites; it is the working area of the brain and contains the synapses, the area of neuronal connection
Gray matter
What is? the myelinated axons of neurons
White matter
What is? Structured to contain grooves and dips of corrugated wrinkles within the brain tissue that provide anatomic landmarks or reference points.
Outermost surface of the brain
What is? Small shallow grooves in the outermost surface of the brain
Sulci
What is? Deeper groves extending into the brain
Fissures
What is? The raised tissue areas of the outermost surface of the brain
Gyri
What is? The brain subdivided into
Cerebrum and the brainstem
What is? The largest part of the brain, which is divided into two halves, the right and left hemispheres.
Cerebrum
What is? This hemisphere of the cerebrum is dominant in most people
Left hemisphere
What is? This hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the left sided body functions
Right hemisphere
What is? Both hemispheres connected by a large bundle of white matter, an area of sensorimotor information exchange between the two hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into how many lobes?
four
What is? Largest and most developed lobe of the cerebrum
frontal lobe
What is? Frontal lobe location that is Responsible for controlling voluntary motor activity of specific muscles
motor function
What is? Frontal lobe location that Coordinates movement of multiple muscles
premotor area
What is? Frontal lobe location that Allows for multimodel sensory input to trigger memory and lead to decision-making
Association cortex
What is? Frontal lobe location of Working memory, reasoning, planning, prioritizing, sequencing behavior, insight, flexibility, judgment, impulse control, behavioral cueing, intelligence, abstraction
Seat of executive functions
What is? Frontal lobe location for Expressive speech
Language (broca’s area)
What is? Frontal lobe location of the most focal area for personality development
Personality variables
What is? Problems in this lobe of the cerebrum can lead to personality changes, emotional, and intellectual changes
Frontal lobe
What is? Blank Lobe, functions include: Language (Wernicke’s area): Receptive speech or language comprehension Primary auditory area Memory Emotion Integration of vision with sensory information Problems in this lobe can lead to visual or auditory hallucinations, aphasia, and amnesia
Temporal lobe
What is? Blank lobe, functions include: Primary visual cortex Integration area: Integrates vision with other sensory information Problems in this lobe can lead to visual field defects, blindness, and visual hallucinations
Occipital lobe
What is? Blank lobe, functions include: Primary sensory area taste Reading and writing Problems in this lobe can lead to sensory-perceptual disturbances and agnosia
Parietal lobe
What is? This brain area includes the cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia
Cerebrum
What is? Controls wide array of behaviors Controls the contralateral side of the body Sensory information is relayed from the thalamus and then processed and integrated in the cortex Responsible for much of the behavior that makes us human: speech, cognition, judgement, perception, and motor function
Cerebral cortex
What is? Essential system for the regulation and modulation of emotions and memory Composed of the hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and the amygdala
Limbic system
What is? Plays key roles in various regulatory functions such as appetite, sensations of hunger and thirst, water balance, circadian rhythms, body temperature, libido, and hormonal regulation
Hypothalamus
What is? Sensory relay station except for smell; modulates flow of sensory information to prevent overwhelming the cortex; regulates emotions, memory, and related affective behaviors
Thalamus
What is? Regulates memory and converts short term memory into long term memory
Hippocampus
What is? Responsible for mediating mood, fear, emotion, and aggression; also responsible for connecting sensory smell information with emotions
Amygdala
What is? Also known as the corpus striatum Serves as a complex feedback system to modulate and stabilize somatic motor activity (information conveyed from the CNS to skeletal muscles) Plays a role in movement initiation; complex motor functions with association connections Functions in learning and automatic actions such as walking or driving a car
Basal ganglia
What is? Contains extrapyramidal motor system or nerve tract Functions in involuntary motor activity (e.g., muscle tone, posture, coordination of muscle movement and common reflexes) Many psychotropic medications can affect the extrapyramidal motor nerve track, causing involuntary movement side effects Contains both the caudate and the putamen Problems in this brain area can lead to bradykinesia, hyperkinesia, and dystonia.
Basal ganglia
What is? Made up of cells that produce neurotransmitters Includes the midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum, and reticular formation
Brainstem
What is? Houses the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra (areas of dopamine synthesis)
Midbrain
What is? Houses the locus ceruleus (area of norepinephrine synthesis)
Pons
What is? Together with the pons, contains autonomic control centers that regulate internal body functions
Medulla
What is? Responsible for maintaining equilibrium; acts as a gross movement control center (e.g. control movement, balance, posture)
Cerebellum
What is? Each hemisphere of this has ipsolateral control (same side of body) Problems with this can lead to ataxia (uncoordinated and inaccurate movements). Romberg test is important for detecting deficiencies in cerebellar functioning.
Cerebellum
What is? The primitive brain Innervates thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex Regulation functions include: Involuntary movement, reflex, muscle tone, vital sign control, blood pressure, respiratory rate, critical to consciousness and ability to mentally focus, to be alert and pay attention to environmental stimuli
Reticular formation system
What are the two classes of cells in the nervous system?
Glia and neurons
What is? Structures that form the myelin sheath around axons and provide protection and support
Gila
What is? Nerve cells responsible for conducting impulses from on part of the body to another
Neurons
Components of this include: Cell body Dendrites Axons
Neuron
What is? Also known as soma; made up of the nucleus and cytoplasm within the cell membrane
Cell body
What is? Receives information to conduct impulse toward the cell body
Dendrites
Sends or conducts information away from the cell body
Axon
What is? The connection site and area of communication between neurons where neurotransmitters are released
Synapse or synaptic cleft
The spirit of motivational interviewing is characterized by what?
Acceptance, partnership, evocation, compassion
The four processes of motivational interviewing are?
Engage, focus, evoked, plan
The enhanced national standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate services and health and healthcare from the office of minority health at the US Department of Health and Human Services are composed of 15 standards that provide individuals and organizations with the blueprint for successively implementing and maintaining culturally and linguistically appropriate services. Culturally and linguistically appropriate healthcare and services, broadly defined his care and services that are respectful of and responsive to the cultural and linguistic needs of all individuals, are increasingly seen as essential to reducing disparities and improving healthcare quality
C LAS standards
The purpose of this is to provide a blueprint for health and healthcare organizations to implement culturally and linguistically appropriate services that will advance health equity, improve quality, and help eliminate healthcare disparities
C LAS purpose
Standard one: provide effective, equitable, understandable, and respectful quality care and services.
standard two: advance and sustain governance and leadership that promotes C LAS and health equity.
Standard three: recruit, promote, and support a diverse governance, leadership, and workforce.
Standard four: educate and train governance, leadership, and workforce and see LAS.
Standard five: offer communication and language assistance.
CLA standards
Standard six: inform individuals of the availability of language assistance.
Standard seven: ensure the competence of individuals providing language assistance.
Standard eight provide easy to understand materials and signage.
Standard nine: infuse CLA’s goals, policies, and management accountabilities out the organizations planning and operations.
Standard 10: conduct organizational assessments.
Standard 11: collect and maintain demographic data.
Standard 12: conduct assessments of community health assets and needs.
Standard 13 partner with the community.
Standard 14: create conflict and grievance resolution processes.
Standard 15: communicate the organization’s progress in implementing and sustaining
C LAS standards
The synapse converts an electrical signal blank from the presynaptic neuron into a chemical signal blank that is transferred to the postsynaptic neuron
Action potential and neuron transmitter
Blank is released at the synaptic cleft as a result of electrical activity known as action potential
Neurotransmitters
The two phases of an action potential are?
Depolarization and repolarization
What is the initial phase of the action potential (an excitatory response) when sodium and calcium ions flow into the cells
Depolarization
What is the restoration phase (an inhibitory response), when potassium leaves the cell or chloride enters the cell.
Repolarization
Problem in either the structure or chemistry of this blank interrupts normal flow of impulses and stimuli, which then contribute to symptoms commonly seen in psychiatric disorders.
Synapse
Chemical synthesized from dietary substrates that communicate information from one cell to another
Neurotransmitters
