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PMHNP exam > Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, and Behavior PMHNP > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, and Behavior PMHNP Flashcards

Studying for first test in final PMHNP class

1
Q

What is? The basic cellular unit of the nervous system, the microprocessor of the brain responsible for conducting impulses from one part of the body to another

A

The Neuron (“Nerve Cells”)

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2
Q

What is? Also known as soma; made up of the nucleus and cytoplasm within cell membrane

A

Cell body

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3
Q

What is? Transmits signals away from the neuron’s cell body to connect with other neurons and cells

A

Stem or axon

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4
Q

What is? Collect incoming signals from other neurons and send the signal toward the neuron’s cell body

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

What is? Composed of two separate, interconnected divisions. What are they called?

A

Nervous system: Central Nervous system and Peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What is? Composed of the spinal cord and the brain

A

Central Nervous system

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7
Q

What is? Composed of the peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to receptors, muscles, and glands. Includes the cranial nerves just outside the brain stem. Comprises the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

A

Peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

What is? Conveys information from the CNS to skeletal muscles; responsible for voluntary movement

A

Somatic nervous system

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9
Q

What is? Regulates internal body functions to maintain homeostasis; conveys information form the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; responsible for involuntary movement.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

What is? Divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

What is? The excitatory division ; prepares the body for stress (fight or flight); stimulates or increases activity of organs

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

What is? Maintains or restores energy; inhibits or decreases activity of organs.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

What is? Either categorized as white or gray matter?

A

Brain tissue

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14
Q

What is? composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites; it is the working area of the brain and contains the synapses, the area of neuronal connection

A

Gray matter

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15
Q

What is? the myelinated axons of neurons

A

White matter

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16
Q

What is? Structured to contain grooves and dips of corrugated wrinkles within the brain tissue that provide anatomic landmarks or reference points.

A

Outermost surface of the brain

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17
Q

What is? Small shallow grooves in the outermost surface of the brain

A

Sulci

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18
Q

What is? Deeper groves extending into the brain

A

Fissures

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19
Q

What is? The raised tissue areas of the outermost surface of the brain

A

Gyri

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20
Q

What is? The brain subdivided into

A

Cerebrum and the brainstem

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21
Q

What is? The largest part of the brain, which is divided into two halves, the right and left hemispheres.

A

Cerebrum

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22
Q

What is? This hemisphere of the cerebrum is dominant in most people

A

Left hemisphere

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23
Q

What is? This hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the left sided body functions

A

Right hemisphere

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24
Q

What is? Both hemispheres connected by a large bundle of white matter, an area of sensorimotor information exchange between the two hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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25
Q

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into how many lobes?

A

four

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26
Q

What is? Largest and most developed lobe of the cerebrum

A

frontal lobe

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27
Q

What is? Frontal lobe location that is Responsible for controlling voluntary motor activity of specific muscles

A

motor function

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28
Q

What is? Frontal lobe location that Coordinates movement of multiple muscles

A

premotor area

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29
Q

What is? Frontal lobe location that Allows for multimodel sensory input to trigger memory and lead to decision-making

A

Association cortex

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30
Q

What is? Frontal lobe location of Working memory, reasoning, planning, prioritizing, sequencing behavior, insight, flexibility, judgment, impulse control, behavioral cueing, intelligence, abstraction

A

Seat of executive functions

31
Q

What is? Frontal lobe location for Expressive speech

A

Language (broca’s area)

32
Q

What is? Frontal lobe location of the most focal area for personality development

A

Personality variables

33
Q

What is? Problems in this lobe of the cerebrum can lead to personality changes, emotional, and intellectual changes

A

Frontal lobe

34
Q

What is? Blank Lobe, functions include: Language (Wernicke’s area): Receptive speech or language comprehension Primary auditory area Memory Emotion Integration of vision with sensory information Problems in this lobe can lead to visual or auditory hallucinations, aphasia, and amnesia

A

Temporal lobe

35
Q

What is? Blank lobe, functions include: Primary visual cortex Integration area: Integrates vision with other sensory information Problems in this lobe can lead to visual field defects, blindness, and visual hallucinations

A

Occipital lobe

36
Q

What is? Blank lobe, functions include: Primary sensory area taste Reading and writing Problems in this lobe can lead to sensory-perceptual disturbances and agnosia

A

Parietal lobe

37
Q

What is? This brain area includes the cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia

A

Cerebrum

38
Q

What is? Controls wide array of behaviors Controls the contralateral side of the body Sensory information is relayed from the thalamus and then processed and integrated in the cortex Responsible for much of the behavior that makes us human: speech, cognition, judgement, perception, and motor function

A

Cerebral cortex

39
Q

What is? Essential system for the regulation and modulation of emotions and memory Composed of the hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and the amygdala

A

Limbic system

40
Q

What is? Plays key roles in various regulatory functions such as appetite, sensations of hunger and thirst, water balance, circadian rhythms, body temperature, libido, and hormonal regulation

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

What is? Sensory relay station except for smell; modulates flow of sensory information to prevent overwhelming the cortex; regulates emotions, memory, and related affective behaviors

A

Thalamus

42
Q

What is? Regulates memory and converts short term memory into long term memory

A

Hippocampus

43
Q

What is? Responsible for mediating mood, fear, emotion, and aggression; also responsible for connecting sensory smell information with emotions

A

Amygdala

44
Q

What is? Also known as the corpus striatum Serves as a complex feedback system to modulate and stabilize somatic motor activity (information conveyed from the CNS to skeletal muscles) Plays a role in movement initiation; complex motor functions with association connections Functions in learning and automatic actions such as walking or driving a car

A

Basal ganglia

45
Q

What is? Contains extrapyramidal motor system or nerve tract Functions in involuntary motor activity (e.g., muscle tone, posture, coordination of muscle movement and common reflexes) Many psychotropic medications can affect the extrapyramidal motor nerve track, causing involuntary movement side effects Contains both the caudate and the putamen Problems in this brain area can lead to bradykinesia, hyperkinesia, and dystonia.

A

Basal ganglia

46
Q

What is? Made up of cells that produce neurotransmitters Includes the midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum, and reticular formation

A

Brainstem

47
Q

What is? Houses the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra (areas of dopamine synthesis)

A

Midbrain

48
Q

What is? Houses the locus ceruleus (area of norepinephrine synthesis)

A

Pons

49
Q

What is? Together with the pons, contains autonomic control centers that regulate internal body functions

A

Medulla

50
Q

What is? Responsible for maintaining equilibrium; acts as a gross movement control center (e.g. control movement, balance, posture)

A

Cerebellum

51
Q

What is? Each hemisphere of this has ipsolateral control (same side of body) Problems with this can lead to ataxia (uncoordinated and inaccurate movements). Romberg test is important for detecting deficiencies in cerebellar functioning.

A

Cerebellum

52
Q

What is? The primitive brain Innervates thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex Regulation functions include: Involuntary movement, reflex, muscle tone, vital sign control, blood pressure, respiratory rate, critical to consciousness and ability to mentally focus, to be alert and pay attention to environmental stimuli

A

Reticular formation system

53
Q

What are the two classes of cells in the nervous system?

A

Glia and neurons

54
Q

What is? Structures that form the myelin sheath around axons and provide protection and support

A

Gila

55
Q

What is? Nerve cells responsible for conducting impulses from on part of the body to another

A

Neurons

56
Q

Components of this include: Cell body Dendrites Axons

A

Neuron

57
Q

What is? Also known as soma; made up of the nucleus and cytoplasm within the cell membrane

A

Cell body

58
Q

What is? Receives information to conduct impulse toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

59
Q

Sends or conducts information away from the cell body

A

Axon

60
Q

What is? The connection site and area of communication between neurons where neurotransmitters are released

A

Synapse or synaptic cleft

61
Q

The spirit of motivational interviewing is characterized by what?

A

Acceptance, partnership, evocation, compassion

62
Q

The four processes of motivational interviewing are?

A

Engage, focus, evoked, plan

63
Q

The enhanced national standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate services and health and healthcare from the office of minority health at the US Department of Health and Human Services are composed of 15 standards that provide individuals and organizations with the blueprint for successively implementing and maintaining culturally and linguistically appropriate services. Culturally and linguistically appropriate healthcare and services, broadly defined his care and services that are respectful of and responsive to the cultural and linguistic needs of all individuals, are increasingly seen as essential to reducing disparities and improving healthcare quality

A

C LAS standards

64
Q

The purpose of this is to provide a blueprint for health and healthcare organizations to implement culturally and linguistically appropriate services that will advance health equity, improve quality, and help eliminate healthcare disparities

A

C LAS purpose

65
Q

Standard one: provide effective, equitable, understandable, and respectful quality care and services.
standard two: advance and sustain governance and leadership that promotes C LAS and health equity.
Standard three: recruit, promote, and support a diverse governance, leadership, and workforce.
Standard four: educate and train governance, leadership, and workforce and see LAS.
Standard five: offer communication and language assistance.

A

CLA standards

66
Q

Standard six: inform individuals of the availability of language assistance.
Standard seven: ensure the competence of individuals providing language assistance.
Standard eight provide easy to understand materials and signage.
Standard nine: infuse CLA’s goals, policies, and management accountabilities out the organizations planning and operations.
Standard 10: conduct organizational assessments.
Standard 11: collect and maintain demographic data.
Standard 12: conduct assessments of community health assets and needs.
Standard 13 partner with the community.
Standard 14: create conflict and grievance resolution processes.
Standard 15: communicate the organization’s progress in implementing and sustaining

A

C LAS standards

67
Q

The synapse converts an electrical signal blank from the presynaptic neuron into a chemical signal blank that is transferred to the postsynaptic neuron

A

Action potential and neuron transmitter

68
Q

Blank is released at the synaptic cleft as a result of electrical activity known as action potential

A

Neurotransmitters

69
Q

The two phases of an action potential are?

A

Depolarization and repolarization

70
Q

What is the initial phase of the action potential (an excitatory response) when sodium and calcium ions flow into the cells

A

Depolarization

71
Q

What is the restoration phase (an inhibitory response), when potassium leaves the cell or chloride enters the cell.

A

Repolarization

72
Q

Problem in either the structure or chemistry of this blank interrupts normal flow of impulses and stimuli, which then contribute to symptoms commonly seen in psychiatric disorders.

A

Synapse

73
Q

Chemical synthesized from dietary substrates that communicate information from one cell to another

A

Neurotransmitters

74
Q
A

PMHNP exam (6 decks)

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