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Biology Honors > PMA review > Flashcards

PMA review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biodiversity

A

how many different species are in an area

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2
Q

What is biological magnification

A

The increase in concentration of certain pollutants as you move up the trophic levels in an ecosystem.

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3
Q

What are environmental parameters

A

provide an indication of how healthy an ecosystem is

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4
Q

What is bioremediation

A

the use of living organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area

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5
Q

What is overexploitation

A

harvesting species from the wild at rates faster than natural populations can recover

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6
Q

What is the cause of acid rain?

A

Sulfur and nitrogen compounds react with water and other substances in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid. These substances eventually fall into the earth as acid rain

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7
Q

What are the consequences of acid rain?

A

Acid rain removes calcium, potassium, and other nutrients from the soil depriving plants from these nutrients

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8
Q

Eutrophication

A

when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, or other substances rich in nitrogen and phosphorus flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth

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9
Q

What is ocean acidification

A

the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth’s oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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10
Q

What makes a species invasive

A

Introduced species become invasive in their new habitat when there is a lack of predators to control their population

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11
Q

What make up Carbohydrates

A

CHO

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12
Q

What make up Lipids

A

CHO

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13
Q

What make up Proteins

A

CHON

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14
Q

What make up Nucleic Acids

A

CHONP

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15
Q

Monomers of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

Monomers of Lipids

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

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17
Q

Monomers of Proteins

A

Amino Acids

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18
Q

Monomers of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

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19
Q

What are Nucleotides made of

A

phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base

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20
Q

Function of Carbohydrates

A

Immediate energy, Cell identification

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21
Q

Function of Lipids

A

Long term energy storage

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22
Q

Function of Proteins

A

Speed up reactions

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23
Q

Function of Nucleic Acids

A

Stores genetic material

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24
Q

Where are Carbohydrates made

A

Produced in the plants and broken down in the mitochondria

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25
Q

What do Lipids make up

A

the Cell membrane

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26
Q

Where are Proteins made

A

Made in the Ribosomes

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27
Q

What are enzymes

A

proteins

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28
Q

what do enzymes do

A

speed up the natural reactions that occur in our bodies.

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29
Q

why are enzymes catalyst

A

because they speed up a chemical reaction—without being used up.

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30
Q

do Enzymes lower or raise the activation energy

A

lower

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31
Q

can enzymes be reused over and over

A

yes

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32
Q

what is On the surface of each enzyme

A

the active site

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33
Q

what is a cleft

A

an opening

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34
Q

what does The active site do

A

provides a place where reactants can bind to the enzyme and interact.

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35
Q

Another name for reactants

A

substrates

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36
Q

what is the the substrate

A

The substrate is the substance that binds to the enzyme.

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37
Q

what are some Factors that Affect Enzymes

A

Temperature,PH, Substrate Concentration

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38
Q

what does denatured mean

A

change shape/stop working

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39
Q

Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have in common

A

cell membrane, ribosomes, and DNA

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40
Q

What are structures only found only in Prokaryotes

A

Plasmid, Circular DNA, No nucleus, No organelles

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41
Q

What are structures only found only in Eukaryotes

A

Membrane bound organelles, Long DNA

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42
Q

Examples of Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria, Archea, and Single cell organisms

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43
Q

Examples of Eukaryotes

A

Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protist, Single cell and multi cell organisms

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44
Q

What do Prokaryotes look like

A

a capsule

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45
Q

What do Eukaryotes look like

A

not a capsule

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46
Q

where are Ribosomes found

A

all cells

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47
Q

what are Ribosomes responsible for

A

making proteins

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48
Q

where are Ribosomes are manufactured

A

the nucleus

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49
Q

what does The nucleus control

A

cell’s growth and reproduction

50
Q

what does Rough ER have

A

ribosomes attached and therefore aids in the production of proteins

51
Q

what does The smooth ER have

A

no ribosomes attached and responsible for production of
lipids

52
Q

what is The Golgi apparatus

A

a network of flattened membranes that modify, sort and package proteins and lipids into vesicles and vacuoles

53
Q

what are Lysosomes

A

vesicles that contain digestive enzymes responsible for breaking down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders such as bacteria

54
Q

what is the Mitochondria known as

A

the powerhouse of the cell

55
Q

what does the Mitochondria do

A

produces ATP through cell respiration

56
Q

another thing mitochondria does

A

Mitochondria breaks down glucose to produce ATP

57
Q

Chloroplasts are found in algae and plants and that carry out what?

A

photosynthesis

58
Q

Cilia

A

Short numerous projections that look like hairs and are found outside the cell.

59
Q

Flagella

A

are longer less numerous hair like projections

60
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a supporting network of long protein fibers called microtubules that support the internal structure of the cell and provide and anchor for the organelles

61
Q

what is found in animal cells

A

chromatin, vacuoles, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, and ribosomes

62
Q

what is found in plant cells

A

chromatin, vacuoles, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, and ribosomes

63
Q

what describes prokaryotic cells?

A

contains DNA, contains ribosomes, lacks a nucleus, microscopic, unicellular, includes bacteria, lacks membrane-bound organelles, has a cell membrane ,simple

64
Q

what describes eukaryotic cells?

A

contains ribosomes, very diverse, has a cell membrane, has a nucleus, mostly multicellular, complex, contains DNA, contains membrane-bound organelles, human cells are these

65
Q

what describes all living cells?

A

contains ribosomes, has a cell membrane, contains DNA or RNA

66
Q

What are some other names for the cell membrane

A

The plasma membrane also called cell membrane or phospholipid bilayer regulates what enters and leaves the cell

67
Q

What are the characteristics of the cell membrane

A

2 layers of phospholipids, carbs, cholesterol, and proteins

68
Q

what do carbs do in the cell membrane

A

identify chemical signals

69
Q

what does cholesterol do in the cell membrane

A

keeps lipids from sticking

70
Q

what does protein do in the cell membrane

A

aid in transport

71
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

it chooses what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable)

72
Q

Passive Transport

A

NO energy, moves down the concentration gradient

73
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area where there are many particles (high concentration) to an area where there are fewer particles (low concentration)

74
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

uses transport proteins to move small molecules across the membrane

75
Q

what aids in facilitated diffusion

A

ion channels and carrier proteins

76
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across the cell membrane

77
Q

the three types of osmosis

A

HypErtonic, HypOtonic, Isotonic

78
Q

HypErtonic

A
79
Q

HypOtonic

A
80
Q

Isotonic

A
81
Q

Active Transport

A

move from low concentration to high concentration using ATP energy, against the concentration gradient

82
Q

what is active transport assisted by

A

proteins or vesicles

83
Q

the three types of active transport

A

Sodium (potassium pump), endocytosis, and exocytosis

84
Q

the part of a plant normally underground

A

root

85
Q

the plant structure that bears buds and shoots with leaves and roots

A

stem

86
Q

primary sites of photosynthesis, which in turn ultimately nourish and sustain all land animals

A

leaves

87
Q

conducts water, minerals, and food to other parts of the plant; it may also store food

A

stem

88
Q

anchorage of the plant, absorption of water and dissolved minerals, and storage of reserve foods

A

root

89
Q

root

A

absorption and food storage

89
Q

leaves

A

photosynthesis and gas exchange

90
Q

stem

A

transport and structure

91
Q

What is the function of the root hair?

A

uptake of water and nutrients, increases the surface of exchange between the plant’s root system and the soil

91
Q

flower

A

reproduction

91
Q

How does a stem differ from a root

A

roots have root caps and stems do not

92
Q

How are the stomata and guard cells related?

A

Guard cells surround the stomata and control the opening and closing of the stomata.

93
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

forms a protective barrier and controls the exchange of gases when found in the leaves

94
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

Responsible for water and nutrient transport for the plant

95
Q

Meristematic Tissue

A

responsible for the production of more cells through mitosis

95
Q

Ground Tissue

A

responsible for structure and carbohydrate storage

96
Q

What type of tissue covers the outside of plants

A

dermal

96
Q

What type of tissue is responsible for photosynthesis, storage, regeneration, support, and protection.

A

ground

97
Q

Vascular tissue that carries food from the leaves which produce it to storage areas

A

phloem

97
Q

What type of tissue is responsible for carrying water, food and minerals to different locations in the plant?

A

vascular

97
Q

Vascular tissue that carries water and minerals up from the roots

A

xylem

97
Q

location of Meristematic tissue

A

Found near the tips of the roots and the stem

98
Q

location of Ground tissue

A

Found between vascular and dermal tissue in a plant

99
Q

location of Vascular tissue

A

Found in all plant organs

99
Q

location of Dermal tissue

A

Outer surface of plants

99
Q

Transpiration

A

the loss of water vapor through the leaves

100
Q

What property of water allows water to move against gravity?

A

cohesion

100
Q

Which plant tissue contributes to the successful regrowth of a plant after grafting?

A

meristematic tissue

101
Q

What type of tissue is most commonly found in the root ?

A

meristematic tissue

101
Q

functions of the cell wall

A

to provide structure and form to the cell, to protect the cell from mechanical damage, and to prevent the cell from bursting during times of heavy water absorption

101
Q

Chemoautotrophs are ?

A

Uses chemicals to make food.

102
Q

Autotrophs are ?

A

organisms that make their own food

102
Q

Photoautotrophs are ?

A

Uses light to make food

103
Q

Heterotrophs are ?

A

organisms that need to ingest food in order to obtain energy

104
Q

What happens to Sunlight energy during photosynthesis

A

transformed stored as chemical energy in glucose

104
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

Light, Carbon dioxide, Water

105
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose, Oxygen

106
Q

What are the three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

The amount of light, The amount of CO2, the Temperature

107
Q
A

Biology Honors (7 decks)

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