PMA review Flashcards
1
Q
What is biodiversity
A
how many different species are in an area
2
Q
What is biological magnification
A
The increase in concentration of certain pollutants as you move up the trophic levels in an ecosystem.
3
Q
What are environmental parameters
A
provide an indication of how healthy an ecosystem is
4
Q
What is bioremediation
A
the use of living organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area
5
Q
What is overexploitation
A
harvesting species from the wild at rates faster than natural populations can recover
6
Q
What is the cause of acid rain?
A
Sulfur and nitrogen compounds react with water and other substances in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid. These substances eventually fall into the earth as acid rain
7
Q
What are the consequences of acid rain?
A
Acid rain removes calcium, potassium, and other nutrients from the soil depriving plants from these nutrients
8
Q
Eutrophication
A
when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, or other substances rich in nitrogen and phosphorus flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth
9
Q
What is ocean acidification
A
the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth’s oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
10
Q
What makes a species invasive
A
Introduced species become invasive in their new habitat when there is a lack of predators to control their population
11
Q
What make up Carbohydrates
A
CHO
12
Q
What make up Lipids
A
CHO
13
Q
What make up Proteins
A
CHON
14
Q
What make up Nucleic Acids
A
CHONP
15
Q
Monomers of Carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharides
16
Q
Monomers of Lipids
A
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
17
Q
Monomers of Proteins
A
Amino Acids
18
Q
Monomers of Nucleic Acids
A
Nucleotides
19
Q
What are Nucleotides made of
A
phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base
20
Q
Function of Carbohydrates
A
Immediate energy, Cell identification
21
Q
Function of Lipids
A
Long term energy storage
22
Q
Function of Proteins
A
Speed up reactions
23
Q
Function of Nucleic Acids
A
Stores genetic material
24
Q
Where are Carbohydrates made
A
Produced in the plants and broken down in the mitochondria
25
What do Lipids make up
the Cell membrane
26
Where are Proteins made
Made in the Ribosomes
27
What are enzymes
proteins
28
what do enzymes do
speed up the natural reactions that occur in our bodies.
29
why are enzymes catalyst
because they speed up a chemical reaction—without being used up.
30
do Enzymes lower or raise the activation energy
lower
31
can enzymes be reused over and over
yes
32
what is On the surface of each enzyme
the active site
33
what is a cleft
an opening
34
what does The active site do
provides a place where reactants can bind to the enzyme and interact.
35
Another name for reactants
substrates
36
what is the the substrate
The substrate is the substance that binds to the enzyme.
37
what are some Factors that Affect Enzymes
Temperature,PH, Substrate Concentration
38
what does denatured mean
change shape/stop working
39
Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have in common
cell membrane, ribosomes, and DNA
40
What are structures only found only in Prokaryotes
Plasmid, Circular DNA, No nucleus, No organelles
41
What are structures only found only in Eukaryotes
Membrane bound organelles, Long DNA
42
Examples of Prokaryotes
Bacteria, Archea, and Single cell organisms
43
Examples of Eukaryotes
Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protist, Single cell and multi cell organisms
44
What do Prokaryotes look like
a capsule
45
What do Eukaryotes look like
not a capsule
46
where are Ribosomes found
all cells
47
what are Ribosomes responsible for
making proteins
48
where are Ribosomes are manufactured
the nucleus
49
what does The nucleus control
cell's growth and reproduction
50
what does Rough ER have
ribosomes attached and therefore aids in the production of proteins
51
what does The smooth ER have
no ribosomes attached and responsible for production of
lipids
52
what is The Golgi apparatus
a network of flattened membranes that modify, sort and package proteins and lipids into vesicles and vacuoles
53
what are Lysosomes
vesicles that contain digestive enzymes responsible for breaking down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders such as bacteria
54
what is the Mitochondria known as
the powerhouse of the cell
55
what does the Mitochondria do
produces ATP through cell respiration
56
another thing mitochondria does
Mitochondria breaks down glucose to produce ATP
57
Chloroplasts are found in algae and plants and that carry out what?
photosynthesis
58
Cilia
Short numerous projections that look like hairs and are found outside the cell.
59
Flagella
are longer less numerous hair like projections
60
cytoskeleton
a supporting network of long protein fibers called microtubules that support the internal structure of the cell and provide and anchor for the organelles
61
what is found in animal cells
chromatin, vacuoles, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, and ribosomes
62
what is found in plant cells
chromatin, vacuoles, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, and ribosomes
63
what describes prokaryotic cells?
contains DNA, contains ribosomes, lacks a nucleus, microscopic, unicellular, includes bacteria, lacks membrane-bound organelles, has a cell membrane ,simple
64
what describes eukaryotic cells?
contains ribosomes, very diverse, has a cell membrane, has a nucleus, mostly multicellular, complex, contains DNA, contains membrane-bound organelles, human cells are these
65
what describes all living cells?
contains ribosomes, has a cell membrane, contains DNA or RNA
66
What are some other names for the cell membrane
The plasma membrane also called cell membrane or phospholipid bilayer regulates what enters and leaves the cell
67
What are the characteristics of the cell membrane
2 layers of phospholipids, carbs, cholesterol, and proteins
68
what do carbs do in the cell membrane
identify chemical signals
69
what does cholesterol do in the cell membrane
keeps lipids from sticking
70
what does protein do in the cell membrane
aid in transport
71
Function of cell membrane
it chooses what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable)
72
Passive Transport
NO energy, moves down the concentration gradient
73
Diffusion
movement of particles from an area where there are many particles (high concentration) to an area where there are fewer particles (low concentration)
74
Facilitated diffusion
uses transport proteins to move small molecules across the membrane
75
what aids in facilitated diffusion
ion channels and carrier proteins
76
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across the cell membrane
77
the three types of osmosis
HypErtonic, HypOtonic, Isotonic
78
HypErtonic
79
HypOtonic
80
Isotonic
81
Active Transport
move from low concentration to high concentration using ATP energy, against the concentration gradient
82
what is active transport assisted by
proteins or vesicles
83
the three types of active transport
Sodium (potassium pump), endocytosis, and exocytosis
84
the part of a plant normally underground
root
85
the plant structure that bears buds and shoots with leaves and roots
stem
86
primary sites of photosynthesis, which in turn ultimately nourish and sustain all land animals
leaves
87
conducts water, minerals, and food to other parts of the plant; it may also store food
stem
88
anchorage of the plant, absorption of water and dissolved minerals, and storage of reserve foods
root
89
root
absorption and food storage
89
leaves
photosynthesis and gas exchange
90
stem
transport and structure
91
What is the function of the root hair?
uptake of water and nutrients, increases the surface of exchange between the plant's root system and the soil
91
flower
reproduction
91
How does a stem differ from a root
roots have root caps and stems do not
92
How are the stomata and guard cells related?
Guard cells surround the stomata and control the opening and closing of the stomata.
93
Dermal Tissue
forms a protective barrier and controls the exchange of gases when found in the leaves
94
Vascular Tissue
Responsible for water and nutrient transport for the plant
95
Meristematic Tissue
responsible for the production of more cells through mitosis
95
Ground Tissue
responsible for structure and carbohydrate storage
96
What type of tissue covers the outside of plants
dermal
96
What type of tissue is responsible for photosynthesis, storage, regeneration, support, and protection.
ground
97
Vascular tissue that carries food from the leaves which produce it to storage areas
phloem
97
What type of tissue is responsible for carrying water, food and minerals to different locations in the plant?
vascular
97
Vascular tissue that carries water and minerals up from the roots
xylem
97
location of Meristematic tissue
Found near the tips of the roots and the stem
98
location of Ground tissue
Found between vascular and dermal tissue in a plant
99
location of Vascular tissue
Found in all plant organs
99
location of Dermal tissue
Outer surface of plants
99
Transpiration
the loss of water vapor through the leaves
100
What property of water allows water to move against gravity?
cohesion
100
Which plant tissue contributes to the successful regrowth of a plant after grafting?
meristematic tissue
101
What type of tissue is most commonly found in the root ?
meristematic tissue
101
functions of the cell wall
to provide structure and form to the cell, to protect the cell from mechanical damage, and to prevent the cell from bursting during times of heavy water absorption
101
Chemoautotrophs are ?
Uses chemicals to make food.
102
Autotrophs are ?
organisms that make their own food
102
Photoautotrophs are ?
Uses light to make food
103
Heterotrophs are ?
organisms that need to ingest food in order to obtain energy
104
What happens to Sunlight energy during photosynthesis
transformed stored as chemical energy in glucose
104
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Light, Carbon dioxide, Water
105
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose, Oxygen
106
What are the three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
The amount of light, The amount of CO2, the Temperature
107
