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Biology Honors > Mitosis/Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis/Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the ____ _______

A

Cell Cycle

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2
Q

What happens during Gap 1 phase (G1) ?

A

The cell grows, carrying out normal cell functions and preparing to replicate DNA

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3
Q

What happens during Synthesis phase (S) ?

A

The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division (amount of DNA in the cell is increasing)

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4
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

Synthesis phase (S)

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5
Q

What happens during Gap 2 phase (G2) ?

A

The cell continues to prepare for division of the nucleus, the cell double checks that everything is ready for mitosis, if it not then it undergoes programmed cell death

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6
Q

Mitosis is ___________

A

a type of cell division that results in 2 identical daughter cells each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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7
Q

What is mitosis typically done for?

A

ordinary tissue growth for the body

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8
Q

Is mitosis sexual or asexual?

A

asexual

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9
Q

What type of cell does mitosis occur in ?

A

eukaryotic cells, such as plants and animals

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10
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

the cells chromatin condenses and coils into chromosomes, nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear, and Mitotic spindle begins to forms from the centrioles

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11
Q

What happens in Metaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell

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12
Q

What happens in Anaphase

A

microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten and pull apart the sister chromatids

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13
Q

What happens in Telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax/de-condense, Two new nuclear membranes begin to form around the DNA chromosomes, and the spindle apparatus disassembles and two new nuclei are formed

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14
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis

A

the final step where the cytoplasm divides, creating two identical cells

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15
Q

How does cytokinesis work in animal cells

A

cytokinesis begins with a furrow, that is pinched by enzymes and eventually splits the two cells apart

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16
Q

How does cytokinesis work in plant cells

A

Plant cells form a cell plate that is later divided into the two daughter cells

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17
Q

what happens after After mitosis and cytokinesis

A

the cell returns to Interphase to continue to grow and perform regular cell activities

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18
Q

Do prokaryotes use mitosis to divide/replicate?

A

no

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19
Q

what do prokaryotes use to divide/replicate

A

asexual process called binary fission

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20
Q

what happens when prokaryotic DNA is copied

A

both copies attach to the plasma membrane. As the plasma membrane grows the attached DNA molecules are pulled apart

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21
Q

Define cancer

A

the uncontrolled growth and division of cells; unregulated cell growth

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22
Q

What causes cancer?

A

mutations in the segments of DNA that control the production of proteins, including proteins that regulate the cell cycle.

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23
Q

what are the proteins that regulate the cell cycle?

A

CDK (Cyclin-Dependant Kinase)

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24
Q

what are Somatic Cells

A

The body cells of organisms

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25
Q

what do Somatic cells make up

A

all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and connective tissue

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26
Q

what are Gametes

A

Sex cells such as sperm and egg cells

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27
Q

Meiosis involves how many cell divisions?

A

2 consecutive cell divisions; meiosis I and meiosis II

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28
Q

how many cells does Meiosis produce

A

four haploid cells

29
Q

how much sperm is produced in males?

A

4 sperm, begins in puberty

30
Q

how many eggs do females produce during meiosis

A

1 viable egg, the other 3 cells are called polar bodies, they give up their cytoplasm to nourish the 1 good egg

31
Q

when are female eggs produced

A

before birth, and they mature at puberty

32
Q

Cells that undergo meiosis follow interphase but they do not repeat a cycle like ________

A

mitosis

33
Q

What happens during meiosis 1 (Prophase) ?

A

The nuclear membrane disappears, Chromosomes condense, And the spindle apparatus begins to form

34
Q

what is crossing over

A

when segments of one chromosome is exchanged with segments of its homologous chromosome.

35
Q

what are Homologous chromosomes

A

matching chromosomes

36
Q

how many pairs and individual matching chromosomes in humans

A

23 pairs, 46 individual

37
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (equator)

38
Q

what is the law of independent assortment

A

The arrangement of the homologs is random and the possibilities are endless

39
Q

what happens During anaphase?

A

the pair of homologous chromosomes split up and pull apart

40
Q

what happens During telophase?

A

chromosomes arrive at the
poles and begin to relax/de-condense, Two new nuclear membranes begin to form around the DNA , spindle apparatus disassembles and two new nuclei are formed

41
Q

homo

A

same

42
Q

Cytokinesis

A

final step of meiosis in which the cytoplasm completely divide to form 4 haploid cells.

43
Q

what happens when gametes combine in fertilization?

A

the number of chromosomes is restored.

44
Q

what is meiosis considered, and why?

A

a reduction division because, the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid

45
Q

diploid

A

46 chromosomes

46
Q

haploid

A

23 chromosomes

47
Q

meiosis leads to greater _______

A

genetic variation by reshuffling genes

48
Q

when does crossing over occur

A

prophase 1 of meiosis

49
Q

what is crossing over

A

shuffles the maternal and the paternal alleles of genes so that pretty much every gamete has a new and unique mixture of maternal and paternal alleles.

50
Q

what is The second factor that leads to genetic variation

A

law of independent assortment which is the random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis.

51
Q

why is variation important

A

Variation is important because the more a population varies, the better it will be able to deal with any change in its environment

52
Q

mitosis simple definition

A

An asexual reproduction process in which the cell divides in two identical cells. No genetic variation, All cells the same.

53
Q

meiosis simple definition

A

A sexual reproduction process where the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes, producing four haploid cells. genetic variation because all the cells are different

54
Q

mitosis chromosome number

A

46 (stays the same)

55
Q

meiosis chromosome number

A

23 (reduced by half)

56
Q

mitosis amount of cells made

A

2 identical somatic (body) cells

57
Q

Meiosis amount of cells made

A

4 different sperm/egg cells

58
Q

do chromosomes cross over in mitosis

A

no

59
Q

do homolog chromosomes pair in mitosis

A

no

60
Q

do chromosomes cross over in meiosis

A

yes, genes are exchanges in prophase 1

61
Q

do homolog chromosomes pair in meiosis

A

yes, mom and dad chromosomes pair up

62
Q

stages of mitosis?

A

PMAT

63
Q

stages of meiosis?

A

PMAT x2

64
Q

separates pairs of homologous chromosomes

A

meiosis 1 and 2

65
Q

separates sister chromatids

A

mitosis and meiosis 2

66
Q

XX

A

female

67
Q

XY

A

male

68
Q

Anything chroma is ___

A

DNA

Biology Honors (7 decks)

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