(PM3B) Parenteral Delivery Flashcards
In what parenteral administration route(s) can a suspension NOT be given?
IV
What is a small volume (<10mL) injection known as?
Bolus injection
How can sustained-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?
Large volume injection
How can immediate-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?
Small volume injection
(Bolus injection)
What is an intradermal injection? How is it administered?
Injection into the skin
Very flat angle - close against skin - almost parallel - 15º angle
What in an intramuscular injection? How is it administered?
Injection into muscle
Perpendicular
72-90º angle
What is a subcutaneous injection? How is it administered?
Injection into subcutaneous tissue
45-90º angle
What volume can be injected intravenously?
<5ml
Why can a large volume not be administered at a fast rate?
(1) Sudden increase in osmotic pressure
(2) Changes electrolyte balance
(3) Can lead to shock/ acute kidney failure
What is an air embolism?
Injection of air into a blood vessel
What is thrombosis?
Formation of a clot in a blood vessel
What is haemolysis? What can severe haemolysis lead to?
Breakdown of red blood cell
kidney damage
What is phlebitis?
Inflammation of the vein wall
Due to irritation caused by the parenteral formation
What is extravasation?
Leakage of the injection from the vein into the surrounding tissue
What volume can be injected intramuscularly?
Up to 10mL
Which muscle are vaccines normally administered into?
Deltoid (IM)
Give two examples of drugs which are administered IM.
(1) Vaccines - e.g. deltoid
(2) NSAIDs
What is considered ‘subcutaneous tissue’?sfm
Fat layer
Beneath dermis and epidermis
Above muscle layer
What volume can be administered SC?
Usually 1mL
Where are SC injections typically administered?
- Abdomen
- Arm
- Legs
Give an example of a drug which is injected subcutaneously.
Insulin
Where do drugs injected via SC dissolve?
Interstitial fluid
How do drugs enter the bloodstream from a SC injection?
(1) Directly into blood vessels - uncommon
(2) Interstitial fluid -> Lymphatic capillaries -> Regional lymph nodes -> Bloodstream
Describe the rate of onset of SC injections.
Slow and unpredictable
Depends on local vasculature
