(PM3B) Parenteral Delivery

Question 1

In what parenteral administration route(s) can a suspension NOT be given?

Answer 1

IV

Question 2

What is a small volume (<10mL) injection known as?

Answer 2

Bolus injection

Question 3

How can sustained-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?

Answer 3

Large volume injection

Question 4

How can immediate-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?

Answer 4

Small volume injection

(Bolus injection)

Question 5

What is an intradermal injection? How is it administered?

Answer 5

Injection into the skin

Very flat angle - close against skin - almost parallel - 15º angle

Question 6

What in an intramuscular injection? How is it administered?

Answer 6

Injection into muscle

Perpendicular

72-90º angle

Question 7

What is a subcutaneous injection? How is it administered?

Answer 7

Injection into subcutaneous tissue

45-90º angle

Question 8

What volume can be injected intravenously?

Answer 8

<5ml

Question 9

Why can a large volume not be administered at a fast rate?

Answer 9

(1) Sudden increase in osmotic pressure

(2) Changes electrolyte balance

(3) Can lead to shock/ acute kidney failure

Question 10

What is an air embolism?

Answer 10

Injection of air into a blood vessel

Question 11

What is thrombosis?

Answer 11

Formation of a clot in a blood vessel

Question 12

What is haemolysis? What can severe haemolysis lead to?

Answer 12

Breakdown of red blood cell
kidney damage

Question 13

What is phlebitis?

Answer 13

Inflammation of the vein wall

Due to irritation caused by the parenteral formation

Question 14

What is extravasation?

Answer 14

Leakage of the injection from the vein into the surrounding tissue

Question 15

What volume can be injected intramuscularly?

Answer 15

Up to 10mL

Question 16

Which muscle are vaccines normally administered into?

Answer 16

Deltoid (IM)

Question 17

Give two examples of drugs which are administered IM.

Answer 17

(1) Vaccines - e.g. deltoid

(2) NSAIDs

Question 18

What is considered ‘subcutaneous tissue’?sfm

Answer 18

Fat layer

Beneath dermis and epidermis

Above muscle layer

Question 19

What volume can be administered SC?

Answer 19

Usually 1mL

Question 20

Where are SC injections typically administered?

Answer 20

• Abdomen
• Arm
• Legs

Question 21

Give an example of a drug which is injected subcutaneously.

Answer 21

Insulin

Question 22

Where do drugs injected via SC dissolve?

Answer 22

Interstitial fluid

Question 23

How do drugs enter the bloodstream from a SC injection?

Answer 23

(1) Directly into blood vessels - uncommon

(2) Interstitial fluid -> Lymphatic capillaries -> Regional lymph nodes -> Bloodstream

Question 24

Describe the rate of onset of SC injections.

Answer 24

Slow and unpredictable

Depends on local vasculature

Question 25

(1) How many types of delivery method are there for insulin?

(2) What are they?

Answer 25

(1) 4 types

(2)
- Insulin syringe
- Insulin pen
- Insulin pump/ pod
- Jet injector

Question 26

What is bolus insulin

Answer 26

Timed insulin

Based on food intake

Question 27

What is basal insulin?

Answer 27

Insulin delivery providing steady dose of insulin

Continuous day and night

Question 28

What are the general pharmaceutical considerations taken for parenteral delivery?

Answer 28

(1) Solubility
(2) Viscosity
(3) Preservatives - excipients
(4) pH

Question 29

What are the types of vehicles for injections?

Answer 29

(1) Water for injections

(2) Non-aqueous vehicles

Question 30

Define pyrogen.

Answer 30

A substance which causes fever when in the blood

Often produced by bacteria

Question 31

How is a poory soluble drug likely to be formulated for parenteral delivery?

Answer 31

Emulsion/ suspension

Question 32

When is a co-solvent used?

Answer 32

For poorly soluble drugs

Increases solubility

Question 33

When should preservatives be avoided in parenteral delivery?

Answer 33

Single dose IV

Question 34

What viscosity is considered therapeutically beneficial in parenteral formulations?

Answer 34

Avoid high viscosity