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PM3B > (PM3B) Obesity > Flashcards

(PM3B) Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

Is obesity considered acute or chronic?

A

Chronic

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2
Q

What is obesity?

A

An excessive accumulation of body fat sufficient to impair health

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3
Q

How many common health conditions are associated with obesity?

A

> 30

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4
Q

What are the different categories of obesity with increasing severity? (5)

A

(1) Normal
(2) Overweight
(3) Obese
(4) Severe obese
(5) Morbidly obese

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5
Q

What waist circumference is considered obese for men?

A

> 102cm

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6
Q

What waist circumference is considered obese for women?

A

> 88cm

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7
Q

What are some of the common health conditions associated with obesity?

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • HTN
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Sleep apnoea
  • Stroke
  • Depression + anxiety
  • Cancer
  • Liver disease
  • Reproductive complications (infertility)
  • Asthma
  • Osteoarthritis
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8
Q

What are some generic factors which could be a cause of an individual’s obesity?

A

(1) Personal fault - eating too much + exercising too little

(2) Societal fault - cheap processed food abundance

(3) Genetic fault - determined by genetic factors

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9
Q

Define ‘aetiology’.

A

The cause(s) of a disease or condition

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10
Q

What does ‘energy balance’ refer to?

A

When the energy intake from food/ drink matches the energy expended

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11
Q

What is a positive energy balance? What does it lead to?

A

Energy in > Energy out

Weight gain

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12
Q

What is a negative energy balance? What does it lead to?

A

Energy in < Energy out

Weight loss

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13
Q

What is ‘yo-yo dieting’?

A

(1) Diet
(2) Metabolism slows
(3) End of diet
(4) Normal eating
(5) Weight gain

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14
Q

What is the Barker hypothesis?

A

-Suggest foetal origins of an adult disease

-Adverse foetal/ infant environments establish increased risk in adult life

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15
Q

What are the stages to the Barker Hypothesis?

A

(1) Suboptimal maternal nutrition

(2) Changes in foetal gene expression

(3) Altered foetal metabolism

(4) Reduced birth weight

(5) Metabolic syndrome

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16
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

A combination of health conditions
(1) Type 2 diabetes mellitus
(2) Hypertension
(3) Weight gain

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17
Q

What increased risk are there of a patient with metabolic syndrome?

A

Increased risk of:
- Cardiovascular disease
- Obesity
- Glucose intolerance

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18
Q

What is familial aggregation?

A

Clustering of a health condition (i.e. obesity) in families

19
Q

What have studies regarding obesity in twins shown?

A

Monozygotic twins are more likely to be similar than dizygotic twins

20
Q

What is the estimated probability of inheriting obesity?

A

40-60%

21
Q

What can genetic factors influence, regarding obesity?

A

(1) Body shape + size
(2) Body fat distribution
(3) Metabolic rate
(4) Brain chemistry

22
Q

What does the thrifty metabolism gene do?

A

Increases fat storage to protect against famine

23
Q

What is a thrifty metabolism?

A

The ability to store and utilise fat

24
Q

What is the likelihood of a child with no obese parents developing obesity?

A

10%

25
Q

What is the likelihood of a child with 1 obese parent developing obesity?

A

40%

26
Q

What is the likelihood of a child with 2 obese parents developing obesity?

A

80%

27
Q

What is the FTO gene?

A

A gene involved in appetite regulation

  • High-risk variants make people more vulnerable to becoming obese with age
28
Q

What are the types of feedback relating to energy homeostasis? What do they do?

A

(1) Short-term:
- Determination of amount of food ingested in a meal
- Satiation determination by nervous signals triggered in the GIT

(2) Long-term:
- Periods of weeks/ years of regulating energy intake vs output
- Modulation by adipose tissue mass

29
Q

What is leptin?

A

Hormone produced by adipose tissue (fat cells) - adipocytes

Primary method of brain determining fat storage in the body

30
Q

How does adipose tissue (fat) function as an active endocrine organ?

A

Produces the hormone leptin

31
Q

What does leptin do?

A
  • Increases with increased fat storage (weight gain)
  • Decreases with decreases fat storage (weight loss)

ø Leptin increases energy expenditure
ø Leptin decreases food intake

32
Q

What is ghrelin? Where is it produced?

A

Peptide hormone

Secreted by the gastric mucosa

33
Q

What are the effects of ghrelin?

A
  • Increases food intake
34
Q

What is the difference between snoring and sleep apnoea?

A

(1) Snoring - Restriction of airway, noise production

(2) Sleep apnoea - Complete restriction of the airway

35
Q

What are the effects of COVID-19 on obese patients?

A

Significant increases in morbidity and mortality

36
Q

What are the two types of treatment options for obesity?

A

(1) Behavioural model

(2) Medical model

37
Q

What is the behavioural model?

A

Treatment plan for changing behaviour of an obese patient - includes diet + exercise plans

38
Q

What is the medical model?

A

Treatment plan for the medical management of an obese patient - includes surgical/ pharmacological management

39
Q

What medication has been proven to be safe and effective in weight management?

A

Orlistat (Alli)

40
Q

What is orlistat?

A

Currently, the only proven weight loss medication

41
Q

How does orlistat work?

A

(1) Eating fat causes anal leakage

42
Q

How effective is orlistat?

A

Effective

Can cause substantial weight loss

43
Q

What is ‘Alli’?

A

Brand name for orlistat (weight-loss drug)

44
Q

What types of surgical management for obesity is there/

A

(1) Vertical sleeve gastrectomy
(2) Adjustable gastric band (Lap band)
(3) Gastric bypass

PM3B (33 decks)

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