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Part 3 – PM3A > (PM3A) Vaccines > Flashcards

(PM3A) Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What immune response does a vaccine activate?

A

Pathogen specific, adaptive immune response

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2
Q

What immune response do recombinant cytokines stimulate?

A

Activation of inflammation

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3
Q

What immune response do synthetic innate stimulatory drugs stimulate?

A

Activation of inflammation

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4
Q

What is activation of the immune system to generate a memory response to a known pathogen called?

A

Vaccination

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5
Q

What effect do immune stimulators have?

A

Deliberately trigger inflammatory response

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6
Q

What factors, including vaccination, decreased childhood mortality since the early 20th century?

A

(1) Vaccination
(2) Improved nutrition
(3) Improved sanitation
(4) Antibiotics

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7
Q

What is currently the most problematic issue with vaccines?

A

Public attitudes

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8
Q

How do vaccines protect against a known pathogen?

A

(1) A specific T or B cell (lymphocyte) recognises pathogenic peptide or antigen
(2) Lymphocyte clonal expansion
(3) Millions of T and B cells (lymphocytes) and antibodies that recognise pathogen microbes

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9
Q

How are dendritic cells activated?

A

Innate signalling

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10
Q

Which immune cells reside in the lymph nodes?

A

(1) B cells
(2) T cells
(3) Dendritic cells

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11
Q

What is a live oral vaccine? How is it incorporated into the blood?

A

Vaccine administered orally

Taken up by immune cells within intestine

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12
Q

What are vaccines made from?

A
  • Antigens
  • Immune stimulatory element
  • Preservatives/ stabilisers
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13
Q

What are the major types of vaccine? Give an example for each.

A

(1) Live attenuated - e.g. polio/ BCG
(2) Inactivated - e.g. influenza
(3) Subunit + adjuvant - e.g. Hep B

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14
Q

Define adjuvant.

A

A pharmacological/ immunological agent which boosts the immune response of a vaccine

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15
Q

What is BCG?

A

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis

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16
Q

What is the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine?

A

BCG

Primarily used against tuberculosis

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17
Q

What major type(s) of vaccine is commonly given in injected vaccines?

A

(1) Inactivated

(2) Split

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18
Q

What major type(s) of vaccines is commonly given in nasal vaccines?

A

Live attenuated

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19
Q

What is the main purpose of vaccination strategy?

A

Herd immunity

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20
Q

Who are the priority targets for general vaccinations?

A

(1) Children
(2) Elderly
(3) At risk patients

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21
Q

What are the most common adverse effects from vaccination?

A

(1) Transient mild fever

(2) Pain at injection site

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22
Q

Define transient mild fever.

A

Intermittent fever

Type of fever - interval where temperature is elevated for several hours followed by an interval when temperature drops back to normal

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23
Q

How are the most common adverse effects of vaccination managed?

A

(1) Paracetamol/ analgesia

(2) REASSURANCE

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24
Q

What type of microbes do vaccines contain?

A

Non-pathogenic microbes

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25
Q

Define pathogen.

A

Disease causing microbe

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26
Q

What are important annual vaccinations that protect against emerging infections?

A

Biannual influenza vaccines

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27
Q

What is an immune stimulator?

A

An external source which stimulates the immune system

e.g. vaccines

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28
Q

What are 2 types of immune stimulator?

A

(1) Antigen specific - vaccines

(2) General

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29
Q

When does the potential therapeutic benefit of general immune stimulatory drugs outweigh the risk?

A
  • Chronic infections

- Cancer

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30
Q

What is/ are the types(s) of general immune stimulatory drugs? Give example(s).

A

(1) Synthetic microbial component - e.g. imiquimod

(2) Recombinant cytokine - e.g. recombinant interferon

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31
Q

What are interferons?

A

Family of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines

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32
Q

Give an example of a type of cytokine.

A

Interferon

33
Q

What are recombinant cytokines (e.g. interferon) used to treat?

A

Chronic Hepatitis virus infections

34
Q

What are synthetic microbial components (e.g. imiquimod) used to treat?

A

Genital warts

In Aldara cream

35
Q

What is Aldara?

A

Branded imiquimod (general immune stimulant)

36
Q

What are the primary therapies against infectious disease?

A

(1) Vaccines

(2) Antibiotics - bacteria

37
Q

How is influenza administered in a vaccine?

TYPE OF VACCINE

A

Killed/ inactivated

38
Q

How is polio administered in a vaccine?

TYPE OF VACCINE

A

Attenuated

39
Q

When is imiquimod cream used?

A

Treatment of genital warts

40
Q

What formulation is imiquimod?

A

Cream

41
Q

When is interferon therapy used?

A

Treatment of chronic Hepatitis infection

42
Q

What is interferon therapy?

A

Injection of recombinant interferon (type of cytokine)

Stimulates an inflammatory (immune) response

43
Q

What is cold chain storage?

A

A temperature-controlled supply chain

44
Q

What is a peptide antigen?

A

Broken up protein fragments from the surface of a microbe

45
Q

What do MHC molecules do?

A

Present peptide antigens to T lymphocytes

46
Q

What is an antigen receptor?

A

Unique receptoron on T cells

Recognises ONE specific peptide bound to a MHC

47
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A protein

48
Q

What are some of the potential effects of therapeutic proteins (polypeptides) when bound to an antigen target?

A
  • Block (inhibit)
  • Bind
  • Activate
  • Kill
49
Q

What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Polio
  • BCG (for TB)
  • Influenza (more recently)
50
Q

What are examples of killed (inactivated) vaccines?

A
  • Influenza

- Oral cholera

51
Q

What are examples of subunit vaccines?

A
  • Hepatitis B
  • Tetanus toxin
  • Typhoid fever
52
Q

What type of vaccine is used for influenza?

A

Usually killed (inactivated)

Can be live attenuated - more recent change

53
Q

What is an example of an adjuvant?

A

Alum

Aluminium salts

54
Q

What is alum?

A

Aluminium salts

An adjuvant

55
Q

What is an example of a stabiliser, in a vaccine?

A

Polysorbates

56
Q

What are polysorbates?

A

Type of stabiliser used in vaccines

57
Q

What is an example of a preservative, in a vaccine?

A
  • Thimerosal (containing mercury)

- Formaldehyde

58
Q

Which vaccine preservative contains mercury?

A

Thimerosal

59
Q

What is thimerosal commonly used for?

A

A vaccine preservative (containing mercury)

60
Q

What is formaldehyde commonly used for?

A

A vaccine preservative

61
Q

What are the general components of a vaccine?

A

(1) Antigen
(2) Adjuvant
(3) Stabiliser
(4) Preservative

62
Q

What are the general types of antigen used in a vaccine?

A

(1) Whole organism - entire microbe

(2) Protein/ polysaccharide - from microbe

63
Q

What is the purpose of putting a specific antigen in a vaccine?

A

Generates immune response

Protects from future infection

64
Q

What is the purpose of putting an adjuvant in a vaccine?

A

Promotes an immune response

Triggers inflammation

65
Q

What is the purpose of putting a stabiliser in a vaccine?

A

Prevents chemical/ physical degradation of antigen

VITAL for complex antigens

66
Q

What is the purpose of putting a preservative in a vaccine?

A

Prevents microbial growth

67
Q

What does formaldehyde do to a microbe (antigen component) of a vaccine?

A

Kills vaccine microbe

Only used for killed/ inactivated vaccines for this reason

68
Q

When is formaldehyde used as a preservative for vaccines? Why?

A

ONLY in inactivated/ killed vaccines

Formaldehyde kills the microbe

69
Q

How are vaccines currently delivered?

A

(1) IM injection

(2) Oral
- inc. nasal, e.g. live attenuated influenza

70
Q

What are the experimental vaccine delivery methods?

A

ø Needle-free injections
ø Micro-needle patches
ø Oral

71
Q

How many doses of vaccine are commonly needed?

A

≥2 vaccine doses

72
Q

Describe interactions between concurrent vaccination.

A

Minimal interactions

73
Q

Define multivalent.

A

(of an antigen or antibody)

Having several sites at which attachment to an antibody or antigen can occur

74
Q

What is a multivalent vaccine?

A

A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunise against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microbes

75
Q

What would be the purpose of a micro-needle patch vaccine?

A
  • Avoid dermis penetration - painless

- Simple administration

76
Q

What MOLECULAR components, other than polypeptides, are in vaccines?

A
  • POLYPEPTIDES
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids
77
Q

What is one of the most significant contributors to cost in vaccination programs?

A

Cold chain storage

78
Q

When is cold chain storage primarily used?

A

For storage of vaccines and other biologics/ biomacromolecules

Part 3 – PM3A (28 decks)

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