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Part 3 – PM3A > (PM3A) Vaccines > Flashcards

(PM3A) Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What immune response does a vaccine activate?

A

Pathogen specific, adaptive immune response

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2
Q

What immune response do recombinant cytokines stimulate?

A

Activation of inflammation

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3
Q

What immune response do synthetic innate stimulatory drugs stimulate?

A

Activation of inflammation

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4
Q

What is activation of the immune system to generate a memory response to a known pathogen called?

A

Vaccination

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5
Q

What effect do immune stimulators have?

A

Deliberately trigger inflammatory response

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6
Q

What factors, including vaccination, decreased childhood mortality since the early 20th century?

A

(1) Vaccination
(2) Improved nutrition
(3) Improved sanitation
(4) Antibiotics

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7
Q

What is currently the most problematic issue with vaccines?

A

Public attitudes

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8
Q

How do vaccines protect against a known pathogen?

A

(1) A specific T or B cell (lymphocyte) recognises pathogenic peptide or antigen
(2) Lymphocyte clonal expansion
(3) Millions of T and B cells (lymphocytes) and antibodies that recognise pathogen microbes

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9
Q

How are dendritic cells activated?

A

Innate signalling

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10
Q

Which immune cells reside in the lymph nodes?

A

(1) B cells
(2) T cells
(3) Dendritic cells

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11
Q

What is a live oral vaccine? How is it incorporated into the blood?

A

Vaccine administered orally

Taken up by immune cells within intestine

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12
Q

What are vaccines made from?

A
  • Antigens
  • Immune stimulatory element
  • Preservatives/ stabilisers
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13
Q

What are the major types of vaccine? Give an example for each.

A

(1) Live attenuated - e.g. polio/ BCG
(2) Inactivated - e.g. influenza
(3) Subunit + adjuvant - e.g. Hep B

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14
Q

Define adjuvant.

A

A pharmacological/ immunological agent which boosts the immune response of a vaccine

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15
Q

What is BCG?

A

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis

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16
Q

What is the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine?

A

BCG

Primarily used against tuberculosis

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17
Q

What major type(s) of vaccine is commonly given in injected vaccines?

A

(1) Inactivated

(2) Split

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18
Q

What major type(s) of vaccines is commonly given in nasal vaccines?

A

Live attenuated

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19
Q

What is the main purpose of vaccination strategy?

A

Herd immunity

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20
Q

Who are the priority targets for general vaccinations?

A

(1) Children
(2) Elderly
(3) At risk patients

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21
Q

What are the most common adverse effects from vaccination?

A

(1) Transient mild fever

(2) Pain at injection site

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22
Q

Define transient mild fever.

A

Intermittent fever

Type of fever - interval where temperature is elevated for several hours followed by an interval when temperature drops back to normal

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23
Q

How are the most common adverse effects of vaccination managed?

A

(1) Paracetamol/ analgesia

(2) REASSURANCE

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24
Q

What type of microbes do vaccines contain?

A

Non-pathogenic microbes

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25
Define pathogen.
Disease causing microbe
26
What are important annual vaccinations that protect against emerging infections?
Biannual influenza vaccines
27
What is an immune stimulator?
An external source which stimulates the immune system e.g. vaccines
28
What are 2 types of immune stimulator?
(1) Antigen specific - vaccines | (2) General
29
When does the potential therapeutic benefit of general immune stimulatory drugs outweigh the risk?
- Chronic infections | - Cancer
30
What is/ are the types(s) of general immune stimulatory drugs? Give example(s).
(1) Synthetic microbial component - e.g. imiquimod | (2) Recombinant cytokine - e.g. recombinant interferon
31
What are interferons?
Family of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines
32
Give an example of a type of cytokine.
Interferon
33
What are recombinant cytokines (e.g. interferon) used to treat?
Chronic Hepatitis virus infections
34
What are synthetic microbial components (e.g. imiquimod) used to treat?
Genital warts In Aldara cream
35
What is Aldara?
Branded imiquimod (general immune stimulant)
36
What are the primary therapies against infectious disease?
(1) Vaccines | (2) Antibiotics - bacteria
37
How is influenza administered in a vaccine? | TYPE OF VACCINE
Killed/ inactivated
38
How is polio administered in a vaccine? | TYPE OF VACCINE
Attenuated
39
When is imiquimod cream used?
Treatment of genital warts
40
What formulation is imiquimod?
Cream
41
When is interferon therapy used?
Treatment of chronic Hepatitis infection
42
What is interferon therapy?
Injection of recombinant interferon (type of cytokine) Stimulates an inflammatory (immune) response
43
What is cold chain storage?
A temperature-controlled supply chain
44
What is a peptide antigen?
Broken up protein fragments from the surface of a microbe
45
What do MHC molecules do?
Present peptide antigens to T lymphocytes
46
What is an antigen receptor?
Unique receptoron on T cells Recognises ONE specific peptide bound to a MHC
47
What is a polypeptide?
A protein
48
What are some of the potential effects of therapeutic proteins (polypeptides) when bound to an antigen target?
- Block (inhibit) - Bind - Activate - Kill
49
What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?
- Polio - BCG (for TB) - Influenza (more recently)
50
What are examples of killed (inactivated) vaccines?
- Influenza | - Oral cholera
51
What are examples of subunit vaccines?
- Hepatitis B - Tetanus toxin - Typhoid fever
52
What type of vaccine is used for influenza?
Usually killed (inactivated) Can be live attenuated - more recent change
53
What is an example of an adjuvant?
Alum | Aluminium salts
54
What is alum?
Aluminium salts An adjuvant
55
What is an example of a stabiliser, in a vaccine?
Polysorbates
56
What are polysorbates?
Type of stabiliser used in vaccines
57
What is an example of a preservative, in a vaccine?
- Thimerosal (containing mercury) | - Formaldehyde
58
Which vaccine preservative contains mercury?
Thimerosal
59
What is thimerosal commonly used for?
A vaccine preservative (containing mercury)
60
What is formaldehyde commonly used for?
A vaccine preservative
61
What are the general components of a vaccine?
(1) Antigen (2) Adjuvant (3) Stabiliser (4) Preservative
62
What are the general types of antigen used in a vaccine?
(1) Whole organism - entire microbe | (2) Protein/ polysaccharide - from microbe
63
What is the purpose of putting a specific antigen in a vaccine?
Generates immune response Protects from future infection
64
What is the purpose of putting an adjuvant in a vaccine?
Promotes an immune response Triggers inflammation
65
What is the purpose of putting a stabiliser in a vaccine?
Prevents chemical/ physical degradation of antigen VITAL for complex antigens
66
What is the purpose of putting a preservative in a vaccine?
Prevents microbial growth
67
What does formaldehyde do to a microbe (antigen component) of a vaccine?
Kills vaccine microbe | Only used for killed/ inactivated vaccines for this reason
68
When is formaldehyde used as a preservative for vaccines? Why?
ONLY in inactivated/ killed vaccines Formaldehyde kills the microbe
69
How are vaccines currently delivered?
(1) IM injection (2) Oral - inc. nasal, e.g. live attenuated influenza
70
What are the experimental vaccine delivery methods?
ø Needle-free injections ø Micro-needle patches ø Oral
71
How many doses of vaccine are commonly needed?
≥2 vaccine doses
72
Describe interactions between concurrent vaccination.
Minimal interactions
73
Define multivalent.
(of an antigen or antibody) Having several sites at which attachment to an antibody or antigen can occur
74
What is a multivalent vaccine?
A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunise against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microbes
75
What would be the purpose of a micro-needle patch vaccine?
- Avoid dermis penetration - painless | - Simple administration
76
What MOLECULAR components, other than polypeptides, are in vaccines?
- POLYPEPTIDES - Lipids - Nucleic acids
77
What is one of the most significant contributors to cost in vaccination programs?
Cold chain storage
78
When is cold chain storage primarily used?
For storage of vaccines and other biologics/ biomacromolecules

Part 3 – PM3A (28 decks)

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