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Part 3 – PM3A > (PM3A) ENT - Throat > Flashcards

(PM3A) ENT - Throat Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the throat?

A

(1) Pharynx

(2) Larynx

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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

(1) Nasopharynx
(2) Oropharynx
(3) Laryngopharynx

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3
Q

Where is the epiglottis?

A

By the larynx

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4
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis?

A

Prevents food from entering the trachea

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5
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

Roof of the mouth

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6
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Vocal chords

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7
Q

Where is the adenoid?

A

In the nasopharynx

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8
Q

Where are the tonsils?

A

In the oropharynx

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9
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Windpipe

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10
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Digestive pipe

Connects pharynx to stomach

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11
Q

What is the main condition of the throat?

A

Sore throat

(1) Pharyngitis
(2) Tonsillitis

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12
Q

Which conditions can cause a sore throat?

A

(1) Pharyngitis

(2) Tonsillitis

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13
Q

What is an acute sore throat?

A

Pharyngitis/ tonsillitis

Inflammation of the throat

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14
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

Inflammation of the larynx

Common symptom affects the voice

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15
Q

What often causes an acute sore throat?

A

Viral infection

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16
Q

What often causes an acute sore throat?

A

Viral infections

Can be bacterial

via airborne drops or direct contact

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17
Q

What often causes pharyngitis?

A

Viral infections

Can be bacterial

via airborne drops or direct contact

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18
Q

What often causes tonsillitis?

A

Viral infections

Can be bacterial

via airborne drops or direct contact

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19
Q

What are some common symptoms of pharyngitis?

A

(1) Sore throat
(2) Fever
(3) Difficulty swallowing
(4) Throat inflammation

20
Q

What are some common symptoms of tonsillitis?

A

(1) Sore throat
(2) Fever
(3) Difficulty swallowing
(4) Tonsil inflammation - mainly

21
Q

Are acute sore throat conditions self-limiting?

22
Q

How is the treatment plan for acute sore throat determined?

A

(1) FeverPAIN score

(2) CENTOR score

23
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial acute sore throat?

A

(1) Phenoxymethylpenicillin 500mg QDS 5-10 days
(2) Painkillers
(3) Fluids

24
Q

What is the FeverPAIN score?

A

1 point for each, max score of 5

(1) Fever
(2) Purulence
(3) Severely inflamed tonsils
(4) No cough/ coryza
(5) Attend within ≤3 days

25
Q

What is coryza?

A

Catarrhal inflammation of the mucosal membrane

26
Q

What is the CENTOR score?

A

1 point for each, max score of 4

(1) Tonsiliar exudate
(2) Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy/ lymphadenitis
(3) History of fever - >38ºC
(4) No cough

27
Q

What FeverPAIN score indicates a patient may benefit from antibiotics?

28
Q

What CENTOR score indicates a patient may benefit from antibiotics?

29
Q

When is a patient with acute sore throat given antibiotics immediately?

A

Systemically unwell

Referral to hospital for severe cases

30
Q

When are antibiotics used for acute sore throats?

A

Typically self-limiting

(1) If symptoms worsen after 7 days
(2) Back-up prescriptions if no improvement in 3-5 days
(3) If patient becomes very unwell

31
Q

What happens if a patient with acute sore throat is given a FeverPAIN score of 2 or 3?

A

(1) Consider no ABx

(2) Back-up ABx prescription

32
Q

Other than potentially antibiotics, fluids, and pain management, what can a patient with an acute sore throat potentially benefit from?

A

Medicated lozenges in adults

33
Q

What causes oral ulceration?

A

Ulceration of the oral mucosa

(1) Trauma
(2) Infectoin
(3) Carcinoma
(4) Nutritional deficiencies
(5) Gastro-intestinal disease
(6) Haemopoietic disorders
(7) Drug therapy

34
Q

What are some treatment options for oral ulceration?

A

(1) Benzydamine - NSAID oromucosal spray
(2) Choline salicylate gel - e.g. Bonjela, not for <16yrs old
(3) Topical anaesthetics -e.g. lidocaine
(4) Topical hydrocortisone + betamethasone - inflammation

35
Q

What is thrush?

A

Fungal infection of the mouth

Usually caused by Candida

36
Q

What commonly causes thrush?

A

(1) Inhaled corticosteroids
(2) Broad-spectrum ABx
(3) Compromised immune system

37
Q

What is the treatment for thrush?

A

(1) Nystatin oral suspension
(2) Miconazole gel
(3) Fluconazole capsules/ IV if not recovering

38
Q

What is the treatment for severe invasive candidiasis?

A

Amphotericin

39
Q

What are viral infections of the throat commonly caused by?

A

(1) Herpes simplex

40
Q

How is a herpes simplex throat infection treated?

A

Local - Aciclovir

Systemic - valaciclovir

41
Q

What is xerostomia?

42
Q

What is another name for dry mouth?

A

Xerostomia

43
Q

What causes dry mouth?

A

Antimuscarinic/ diuretic drugs

44
Q

What causes xerostomia?

A

Antimuscarinic/ diuretic drugs

45
Q

How is dry mouth treated?

A

Artificial saliva

46
Q

How is xerostomia treated?

A

Artificial saliva

Part 3 – PM3A (28 decks)

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