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Part 3 – PM3A > (PM3A) Tissue Engineering > Flashcards

(PM3A) Tissue Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue engineering?

A

In vitro development of tissues/ organs

to replace/ support

injured/ defective body parts

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2
Q

What is the role of scaffolds in tissue engineering?

A

To act as temporary/ permanent artificial extracellular matrices

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3
Q

What is an ECM?

A

Extracellular matrix

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4
Q

What is an ECM comprised of?

A

Protein fibres

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5
Q

What is the role of an ECM?

A

Serves as a dynamic substrate to support tissue repair and regeneration

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6
Q

On what level do ECMs function, in SI units?

nano, micro, milli, etc

A

Nano to micro

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7
Q

What stages are there in tissue engineering before a tissue can be transplanted into a human?

A

(1) Cells taken from a healthy sample (biopsy)
(2) Monolayer cell culture
(3) Expanded cells
(4) Culture on a 3D polymeric scaffold
(5) Generation of a graft
(6) Transplantation into human

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8
Q

Which molecule are platelets comprised of?

A

Fibrin

A protein

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9
Q

What is fibrin?

A

A protein that comprises platelets

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10
Q

What can cause a chronic inflammatory response in a patient with tissue engineering?

A

Biomaterial is a persistent irritant

Can lead to chronic inflammatory response

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11
Q

What is an effect of scar tissue, regarding function?

A

Impedes function

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12
Q

What is biocompatibility?

A

Ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application

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13
Q

What are some important properties of an ideal scaffold in tissue engineering?

A

(1) Have an interconnected macroporous network for vascularisation, tissue ingrowth and nutrient delivery
(2) Template for 3D growth
(3) Mechanical properties similar to host
(4) Bond to the host tissue without the formation of scar tissue
(5) Resorb at the same rate as the tissue is repaired
(6) Influence the genes in the cells of the tissue to enable efficient cell differentiation and proliferation
(7) Be easily and cheaply produced (must be easily sterilised)

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14
Q

Define resorb.

A

Absorb (something) again

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15
Q

How many important properties of an ideal scaffold are there to remember, in tissue engineering?

A

Seven

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16
Q

What size should the macropores of an ideal scaffold be?

A

100 mcm

17
Q

What size should the micropores of an ideal scaffold be?

A

10-50 mcm

18
Q

What are micropores important for in scaffolds?

A

(1) Cell adhesion
(2) Diffusion of oxygen + nutrients
(3) Waste clearance

19
Q

What are macropores important for in scaffolds?

A

(1) Cell infiltration
(2) Invasion of blood vessels
(3) Building of tissue layers

20
Q

What are the types of material that scaffolds can be made from?

A

(1) Synthetic polymers
(2) Natural
(3) Synthetic calcium phosphate ceramics (CPCs)

21
Q

Give two examples of synthetic polymers used for scaffolds.

A

(1) Chitosan

(2) Alginate

22
Q

Give three examples of synthetic polymers used for scaffolds.

A

(1) Fibrin
(2) Collagen
(3) Elastin

23
Q

Define polymeric.

A

of/ relating to a polymer

24
Q

What is another name for fibrin?

A

Factor Ia

25
Q

What is another name for Factor Ia?

A

Fibrin

26
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the production of fibrin?

A

Protease thrombin polymerises fibrinogen

27
Q

What is soluble tropoelastin protein?

A

Contains glycine and valine + modified alanine

Forms elastin

28
Q

What is a CPC?

A

Calcium phosphate ceramics

29
Q

When are CPCs often used in tissue engineering?

A

Bone tissue engineering

30
Q

What is osteoinduction?

A

Stimulation of new bone formation

31
Q

What is the significance of CPCs in vivo?

A

Shown to promote bone growth in vivo

Recruit bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to ectopic sites

Induces bone formation

32
Q

What are BMSCs?

A

Bone marrow stromal cells

33
Q

What are some difficulties to be achieved in successful tissue engineering?

A

Achieving suitable porosity while maintaining appropriate mechanical properties

34
Q

How can vascularisation be achieved in tissue engineering?

A

Have an interconnected macroporous network in the scaffold

35
Q

What does an interconnected microporous network achieve?

A

(1) Vascularisation
(2) Tissue ingrowth
(3) Nutrient delivery

36
Q

What is tissue in growth?

A

Ability of the body to incorporate an implanted mesh

Part 3 – PM3A (28 decks)

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