Platyhelminths 2 Flashcards
What are the 2 cestodes (tapeworms) orders significant to veterinary medicine?
Cyclophyllidea
Diphyllobothriidea
Cyclophyllidea general characteristics…
usually in SI DH: birds & mammals scolex with/without rostellum often rostellar hooks (circular hooks) 4 suckers most mature proglottids distal to scolex each proglottid is hermaphroditic with single or paired repro. organs lateral genital pores
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia saginata) species affected…
cattle
humans
Taenia saginata means?
Taenia ‘ribbon’
saginata ‘flattening’
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia saginata) distribution & size?
worldwide
4-10 metres
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia saginata) lifecycle…know & draw
slide 10
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia saginata) symptoms…
usually asymptomatic
heavy infections: weight loss, dizziness, abdo pain, diarrhoea, headaches, nausea, decreased appetite
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia saginata) diagnosis…
Faecal examination (taeniid type eggs with hooks) species ID: based on scolex & gravid proglottids
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia saginata) treatment…
Humans: praziquantel or niclosamide
Cattle: Albendazole
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia saginata) prevention…
adequate cooking (56°C for 5 minutes) refrigeration freezing (-10°C for 9 days) long period salting inspection of beef proper disposal of human excreta
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) general characteristics…
pork tapeworm 3-5 meters long 25 year life span Human: DH & IH Pigs: IH zoonotic
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) distribution…
Central & Sth America, Asia, India, Africa
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) lifecycle…know & draw
slide 17…
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) PPP?
3-6 months
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) diagnosis (pigs)…
Visible cysts amongst muscle fibres meat inspection (masseter muscle, tongue, heart)
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) clinical signs…
Pigs: rare
Humans: depend on number and location of cysts -> organ-specific or neurological signs
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) diagnosis (humans)…
faecal examination
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) diagnosis (larvae)…
U/S
Ab detection tests
DNA hybridisation
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) treatment…
vaccination of pigs
praziquantel & albendazole humans prior to sx
Cyclophyllidea (Taenia solium) prevention…
Effective meat inspection
Effective disposal or treatment of human effluent
Human hygiene (wash hands…)
Freezing pork will kill cystercerci
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) general info…
hydatid
zoonotic
DH: dog, wolf, dingo, jackal, fox
SI
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) distribution…
global distribution
2-3 million peeps affected
production loss: 2.1 billion in US
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) lifecycle…
slide 25…
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) hosts…
DH: canidae
IH: sheep, goats, swine
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) study diagrams & structures well (eg. brood capsule, germinal layer etc.)
slides 27 - 29…
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) clinical signs…
IH: number & location of cysts, rupture of cysts -> anaphylactic shock -> released protoscoleces
DH: 1000’s of parasites tolerated without CS
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) diagnosis…
IH: U/S, radiography
DH: eggs in faeces, coproantigens by ELISA
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) distribution in Australia…
East coast - transmission most common in wildlife Everywhere else (except desert & Tassie) domestic animal transmission
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) epidemiology in Aus…
Common in rural, sheep-raising communities
infection via ingestion of egg or direct contact with dogs
Notifiable in NT & Tassie
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) transmission in Aus…
Eggs last longer at 4°C (>300 days) than 37-39°C (2-14 days)
one dog can be source of infection over 30k hectares
Insects, birds & wildlife transport eggs 60km
wind & water -> aid transport
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) treatment…
praziquantel every 4 weeks in endemic areas
faeces produced 48hrs after treatment destroyed
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA: (Echinococcus granolosus) prevention…
No feeding raw offal public education basic hygeine Wash fruit and vegetables well Vaccination of livestock
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDEA: general characteristics…
SI
hosts: carnivorous mammals, fish-eating mammals
Genital organs & pores central
Diphyllobothrium latum: lifecycle…
slide 40…
Diphyllobothrium latum: clinical signs…
mostly asymptomatic abdo. discomfort diarrhoea vomiting weight loss Vit B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum can cause…?
diphyllobothriasis - long-lasting infection (decades)
How can diphyllobothriasis become zoonotic without active transmission?
freshwater fish may be consumed in geographic areas where active transmission does not occur, resulting in human diphyllobothriasis
Diphyllobothrium latum: diagnosis…
In stool (operculated eggs)
broad proglottis
CBC for anemia
Diphyllobothrium latum: risk factors…
More fertile in humans
Access of human sewage to freshwater lakes
Ingestion of uncooked fish
Diphyllobothrium latum: control & prevention…
Thoroughly cooking freshwater fish
Freezing −10° C, 48 h
Avoid feeding fish to dogs/pigs in endemic areas
Diphyllobothrium latum: treatment…
praziquantel or niclosamide (single oral dose)
Vitamin B12 may be needed
