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GEOLOGY 01 > PLATE TECTONICS: The Grand Unifying Theory Of Geology > Flashcards

PLATE TECTONICS: The Grand Unifying Theory Of Geology Flashcards

1
Q

This is a hypothesis that suggested all present continents once existed as a sngle supercontinet known as ¨pangaea¨.

A

Continental Drift Theory

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2
Q

A german meteorologist and geophysicist who wrote ¨The Origin of Continents and Oceans¨.

A

Alfred Wegener

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3
Q

200 million years ago, the supercontinent began breaking into smaller continents, which then drifted to their positions.

A

Pangaea

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4
Q

What is the first evidence of the continental drift theory?

A

The continental jigsaw puzzle

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5
Q

Two other associates constructed a map that pieced together the edges of the continental shelves of South America and Africa at a depth of about 900 meters.

A

Sir. Edward Bullard

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6
Q

What is the second evidence of the continental drift theory?

A

Fossil Evidence

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7
Q

A freshwater reptile incapable of swimming the 5000 kilometers of open ocean that now separate the continents.

A

Mesosaurus

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8
Q

A fossil ¨seed fern¨identified by its tongue’shaped leaves and seeds, found in Australia, Africa, South America, Antartica, and India (it only grew on subpolar cliamtes)

A

Glossopteris

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9
Q

A land- dwelling reptile

A

Lystrosaurus

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10
Q

What is the third evidence of the continental drift theory?

A

Rock Types and Geologic Structures

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11
Q

Who found the 2.2- billion- years old igneous rocks in Brazil that closely resembled similarly aged rocks in Africa.

A

Alfred Wegener

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12
Q

What is the fourth evidence of the continental drift theory?

A

Ancient Climates

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13
Q

What climate was discovered in Southern Africa, South Aerica, Australia, and India?

A

Glacial Period that dated to the late Paleozoic

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14
Q

This is known to be the uppermost mantle and the overlaying crust behave sa a strong, rigid layer

A

Lithosphere

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15
Q

What do you call crust broken into segments?

A

Plates

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16
Q

The lithosphere overlies a weak region in the mantle known as the _______________.

A

Asthenosphere

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17
Q

What was the main objections towards the continental drift theory?

A

Its inability to provide an acceptable mechanism for the movement of the continents.

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18
Q

Any plate within an area greater than 20 million km^2

A

Major plate

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19
Q

How many major plates are there?

A

7 major plates

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20
Q

What is the largest major plate?

A

Pacific plate

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21
Q

Any plate with an area less than 20 million km^2

A

Minor plate

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22
Q

Any plate with an area less than 1 million km^2

A

Microplate

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23
Q

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

A
  • Divergent boundaries
  • convergent boundaries
  • transform boundaries
24
Q

Constructive margin

A

Divergent Boundary

25
Q

Destructive Margin

A

Convergent boundary

26
Q

Conservative margin

A

Transform fault boundaries

27
Q

This is also called ¨spreading centers¨

A

Divergent boundary

28
Q

Boundaries between two plates that are diverginf or MOVING AWAY from each other.

A

Divergent Boundary

29
Q

Give two examples of divergent boundary

A
  • mid- oceanic ridge

- continental rift zone

30
Q

This is the longest topographic feature on the earth´s surface

A

Global ridge system (Mid- atlantic ridge, east pacific rise, and mid- indian ridge)

31
Q

The boundaries between two plates that are converging or MOVING TOWARDS each other

A

Convergent boundary

32
Q

What are the three types of convergent boundaries?

A
  • oceanic- continental = volcanic arc
  • oceanic- oceanic = island arc
  • continental- continental = mountain range
33
Q

An ocean floor plate collides with a less dense continental plate

A

Oceanic- continental = volcanic arc

34
Q

An ocean floor plate collides with another ocean floor plate

A

Oceanic- oceanic = island arc

35
Q

A continental plate collides with another continental plate

A

Continental-continental = mountain range

36
Q

The boundaries between two paltes that are sliding horizontally past one another.

A

Transform Fault Boundaries

37
Q

Two types of Tranform Fault Boundaries

A
  1. Left-lateral strike-slip or sinistral fault

2. Right-lateral strike-slip or dextral fault

38
Q

Rift valleys in mid-oceanic ridges

A

Divergent in oceanic crust

39
Q

Rift Valleys in continental rift zones

A

Divergent in continental crust

40
Q

Mountain ranges

A

Convergent that is continental- continental

41
Q

Volcanic arcs

A

Convergent that is oceanic- continental

42
Q

Island arcs

A

Convergent that is oceanic- oceanic

43
Q

Faults

A

Transform Fault

44
Q

Denser Plate

A

Oceanic plate

45
Q

What causes the movement of plate tectonics?

A

Mantle convection

46
Q

What is the primary mechanism of transporting heat away from the Earth´s interior to the surface where it is eventually radiated into space.

A

Convective flow in the mantle

47
Q

What are the two evidences of plate tectonics?

A

Ocean Drilling and Hot Spots

48
Q

This hypothesis predicted that the youngest oceanic crust would be found at the ridge crest, the site of seafloor production, and the oldest oceanic crust would be located adjacent to continents.

A

Seafloor-spreading hypothesis by Harry Hess

49
Q

This showed that the volcanoes increase in age with increasing distance from the ¨big island¨of Hawaii.

A

Radiometric dating of the Hawaiian Island- Emperor Seamount chain

50
Q

Due to the pacific plate moving over the hot spot, a chain of volcanic structures known as ______________ was built.

A

Hot-spot track

51
Q

What are the forces that drive plate motion

A
  1. Ridge Push

2. Slab pull

52
Q

This gravity’driven mechanism results from the elevated position of the oceanic ridge,w here causes slabs of litosphere to ¨slide¨down the flanks of the ridge.

A

Ridge Push

53
Q

During subduction as these cold, dense oceanic litosphere sinks into the asthenosphere, they ¨pull¨the trailing plate along.

A

Slab Pull

54
Q

This layered model has two zones of convection— a thin, dynamic layer in the upper mantle and a thick, sluggish once a located below.

A

Model 1: Layering at 660 kilometers

55
Q

This model sucessfully explains why basaltic lavas that erupt along the oceanic ridges have a different chemical make- up than those that erupt in Hawaii as a result of hot-spot activity.

A

Model 1: Layering at 660 kilometers

56
Q

This model suggests that the burial ground of subducting slabs in the core-mantle boundary.

A

Model 2: Whole Mantle Convection

57
Q

This material melts and buoyantly rises toward the surface as a mantle plume.

A

Model 2: Whole Mantle Convection

GEOLOGY 01 (3 decks)

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