INTRODUCTION TO EARH SCIENCE

Question 1

This refers to the name for all sciences that collectively seek to understand the Earth and its neighbors in space.

Answer 1

Earth Science

Question 2

What are the Four Sciences?

Answer 2

Oceanography
Meteorology
Geology
Astronomy

Question 3

Geo + Logos

Answer 3

“Earth” + “study of”

Question 4

What does Geology cover?

Answer 4

The earth’s processes, history, structure, and composition

Question 5

This refers to the study of the universe and of celestial objects

Answer 5

Astronomy

Question 6

What are some examples of celestial objects?

Answer 6

Stars, Planets, comets, and galaxies

Question 7

This refers to a phenomena that origanted outside the Earth’s atmosphere

Answer 7

Astronomy

Question 8

This refers to the study of the atmosphere and processes that produce weather and climate

Answer 8

Meteorology

Question 9

What does meteorology includes?

Answer 9

Atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics

Question 10

This refers to the application of all sciences in a comprehenesive and interellated study of the oceans in all their aspects and relationships.

Answer 10

Oceanography

Question 11

What are included in Oceanograhpy?

Answer 11

Composition and movements of seawater
Coastal processes
Seafloor topography
Marine life

Question 12

This is the process of investigation in which a problem is identified, data are collected and analyzed, and a hypothesis is formulated and tested.

Answer 12

Scientific Method

Question 13

This is a tentative explanation of a phenomena that is tested for validity by repeated observations and experimentations.

Answer 13

Hypothesis

Question 14

Model

Answer 14

This is the hypothesis expressed as a visual or statistical simulation or as a description by analogy og phenomena or processes that are difficult to observe and describe directly.

Question 15

This is a spatial representation of the distribution of sediments and rocks in the subsurface.

Answer 15

Geological Model

Question 16

What is multiple Working Hypotheses?

Answer 16

Several possible explanations of a phenomena are developed and evaluated simultaneously and impartially.

Question 17

This refers to the widely accepted explanation for a group of known facts.

Answer 17

Theory

Question 18

This is a hypthesis that has been elevated to a high level of confidence by repeated confirmation throughtesting and experimentation.

Answer 18

Theory

Question 19

Scientific Method: Identification of Geological Problem to be solved

Answer 19

1

Question 20

Scientific method: Collection and analysis of data in field and laboratory

Answer 20

3

Question 21

Scientific Method: Development of hypothesis or multiple hypotheses.

Answer 21

2

Question 22

Scientific Method: Evaluation, debate, and further testing of the hypothesis by the scientific community.

Answer 22

4

Question 23

Scientific Method: Publication of research in scientific journals

Answer 23

5

Question 24

What is geological study composed of?

Answer 24

A. Data and sample collection in the field
B. Geological map preparation
C. Analysis of data and samples

Question 25

What are the two branches of Geology?

Answer 25

Physical Geology and Historical Geology

Question 26

This refers to the study of the Earth´s materials, its processes, and its distribution

Answer 26

Physical Geology

Question 27

This refers to the study of the Earth´s history and evolution

Answer 27

Historical Geology

Question 28

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of stratified rocks and sequences

Answer 28

Stratigraphy

Question 29

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of volcanoes, active, and ancient

Answer 29

Volcanology

Question 30

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the application of chemistry to natural systems

Answer 30

Geochemistry

Question 31

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the Physics of Earth syste,

Answer 31

Geophysics

Question 32

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the application of geology to engineering works

Answer 32

Engineering Geology

Question 33

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the past, present, and future climate interactions

Answer 33

Climatology

Question 34

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of rocks, its origin and composition

Answer 34

Petrology

Question 35

This is a subdiscipline of geology which rfers to deformed-damaged rocks, often related to tectonic plates

Answer 35

Structural Geology

Question 36

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of sediments and their deposition

Answer 36

Sedimentology

Question 37

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of minerals and their properties

Answer 37

Mineralogy

Question 38

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to acient life (fossils)

Answer 38

Paleontology

Question 39

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to groundwater and surface water

Answer 39

Hydrogeology

Question 40

16th Century- used the Bible´s genealogy list to calculate the Earth was created at 6PM, October 22 4004 B.C (Julian Calendar). He also explained that to create mountains and valleys, catastrophic events should occur.

Answer 40

James Usher, an Anglian Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland

Question 41

17th century- Used fossils he found in the Paris Basin to conclude that tehre were six (6) major catastrophies. He assumed that orgaisms would die and then reappear again after some period of time. His idea led to the development to the theory of Catastrophism.

Answer 41

Baron Georges Cuvier

Question 42

18th Century- he suggested the Neptunism theory where the idea is that the earth is covered in a great ocean. The ocean allowed all the rocks to be deposited and to be precipitated

Answer 42

Abraham Gottlob Werner

Question 43

Late 18th Century- He said the Earth was constantly being eroded and weathered, but sedimens are also being deposited at the same time. He also proposed that the Earth is older than 4004 B.C and that it is not shaped by catastrophes.

Answer 43

James Hutton

Question 44

¨No vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end¨

Answer 44

James Hutton

Question 45

Late 18th Century- He published the summary of the work of James Hutton entitled ¨Ilustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth¨. His work was the key in spreading Hutton´s ideas as his writing style was more ¨reader- friendly¨compared to Hutton´s.

Answer 45

John Playfair

Question 46

19th Century- He publsihed the Principles of Geology (1830) in 5 volumes that expanded Hutton´s ideas and presented important geologic concepts. He also DID NOT BELIEVE the ideas of Cuvier and Werner.

Answer 46

Charles Lyell

Question 47

Uniformity of cause + unformity of intensity

Answer 47

Charles Lyell

Question 48

The concept that earth was formed and shaped by great catastrophes (Noah´s Flood, Yellowstone Eruption). Every mountain, every rock or every landform was a result of a catastrophic eruption or flood.

Answer 48

Catastrophism

Question 49

- proposed taht fire (or heat) was the key to the origin of ¨primitive igneous rocks¨ - considered the solid Earth to bey dynamic - Erosion of landscapes and subsewuent deposition or burial - rocks were not formed from the rgeat steamy sea of Werner

Answer 49

Plutonism

Question 50

The concept that the laws that govern modern processes occured also in the past.

Answer 50

Uniformitarianism

Question 51

¨The present is the key to the past¨

Answer 51

Archibald Geikie (1905)

Question 52

- a more modern view compared to Uniformitarianism - The rate of change and intensity may differ through time. - The governing laws would stay the same.

Answer 52

Actualism