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GEOLOGY 01 > INTRODUCTION TO EARH SCIENCE > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO EARH SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

This refers to the name for all sciences that collectively seek to understand the Earth and its neighbors in space.

A

Earth Science

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2
Q

What are the Four Sciences?

A

Oceanography
Meteorology
Geology
Astronomy

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3
Q

Geo + Logos

A

“Earth” + “study of”

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4
Q

What does Geology cover?

A

The earth’s processes, history, structure, and composition

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5
Q

This refers to the study of the universe and of celestial objects

A

Astronomy

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6
Q

What are some examples of celestial objects?

A

Stars, Planets, comets, and galaxies

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7
Q

This refers to a phenomena that origanted outside the Earth’s atmosphere

A

Astronomy

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8
Q

This refers to the study of the atmosphere and processes that produce weather and climate

A

Meteorology

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9
Q

What does meteorology includes?

A

Atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics

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10
Q

This refers to the application of all sciences in a comprehenesive and interellated study of the oceans in all their aspects and relationships.

A

Oceanography

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11
Q

What are included in Oceanograhpy?

A

Composition and movements of seawater
Coastal processes
Seafloor topography
Marine life

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12
Q

This is the process of investigation in which a problem is identified, data are collected and analyzed, and a hypothesis is formulated and tested.

A

Scientific Method

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13
Q

This is a tentative explanation of a phenomena that is tested for validity by repeated observations and experimentations.

A

Hypothesis

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14
Q

Model

A

This is the hypothesis expressed as a visual or statistical simulation or as a description by analogy og phenomena or processes that are difficult to observe and describe directly.

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15
Q

This is a spatial representation of the distribution of sediments and rocks in the subsurface.

A

Geological Model

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16
Q

What is multiple Working Hypotheses?

A

Several possible explanations of a phenomena are developed and evaluated simultaneously and impartially.

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17
Q

This refers to the widely accepted explanation for a group of known facts.

A

Theory

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18
Q

This is a hypthesis that has been elevated to a high level of confidence by repeated confirmation throughtesting and experimentation.

A

Theory

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19
Q

Scientific Method: Identification of Geological Problem to be solved

A

1

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20
Q

Scientific method: Collection and analysis of data in field and laboratory

A

3

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21
Q

Scientific Method: Development of hypothesis or multiple hypotheses.

A

2

22
Q

Scientific Method: Evaluation, debate, and further testing of the hypothesis by the scientific community.

A

4

23
Q

Scientific Method: Publication of research in scientific journals

A

5

24
Q

What is geological study composed of?

A

A. Data and sample collection in the field
B. Geological map preparation
C. Analysis of data and samples

25
Q

What are the two branches of Geology?

A

Physical Geology and Historical Geology

26
Q

This refers to the study of the Earth´s materials, its processes, and its distribution

A

Physical Geology

27
Q

This refers to the study of the Earth´s history and evolution

A

Historical Geology

28
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of stratified rocks and sequences

A

Stratigraphy

29
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of volcanoes, active, and ancient

A

Volcanology

30
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the application of chemistry to natural systems

A

Geochemistry

31
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the Physics of Earth syste,

A

Geophysics

32
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the application of geology to engineering works

A

Engineering Geology

33
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the past, present, and future climate interactions

A

Climatology

34
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of rocks, its origin and composition

A

Petrology

35
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which rfers to deformed-damaged rocks, often related to tectonic plates

A

Structural Geology

36
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of sediments and their deposition

A

Sedimentology

37
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to the study of minerals and their properties

A

Mineralogy

38
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to acient life (fossils)

A

Paleontology

39
Q

This is a subdiscipline of geology which refers to groundwater and surface water

A

Hydrogeology

40
Q

16th Century- used the Bible´s genealogy list to calculate the Earth was created at 6PM, October 22 4004 B.C (Julian Calendar). He also explained that to create mountains and valleys, catastrophic events should occur.

A

James Usher, an Anglian Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland

41
Q

17th century- Used fossils he found in the Paris Basin to conclude that tehre were six (6) major catastrophies. He assumed that orgaisms would die and then reappear again after some period of time. His idea led to the development to the theory of Catastrophism.

A

Baron Georges Cuvier

42
Q

18th Century- he suggested the Neptunism theory where the idea is that the earth is covered in a great ocean. The ocean allowed all the rocks to be deposited and to be precipitated

A

Abraham Gottlob Werner

43
Q

Late 18th Century- He said the Earth was constantly being eroded and weathered, but sedimens are also being deposited at the same time. He also proposed that the Earth is older than 4004 B.C and that it is not shaped by catastrophes.

A

James Hutton

44
Q

¨No vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end¨

A

James Hutton

45
Q

Late 18th Century- He published the summary of the work of James Hutton entitled ¨Ilustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth¨. His work was the key in spreading Hutton´s ideas as his writing style was more ¨reader- friendly¨compared to Hutton´s.

A

John Playfair

46
Q

19th Century- He publsihed the Principles of Geology (1830) in 5 volumes that expanded Hutton´s ideas and presented important geologic concepts. He also DID NOT BELIEVE the ideas of Cuvier and Werner.

A

Charles Lyell

47
Q

Uniformity of cause + unformity of intensity

A

Charles Lyell

48
Q

The concept that earth was formed and shaped by great catastrophes (Noah´s Flood, Yellowstone Eruption). Every mountain, every rock or every landform was a result of a catastrophic eruption or flood.

A

Catastrophism

49
Q
  • proposed taht fire (or heat) was the key to the origin of ¨primitive igneous rocks¨
  • considered the solid Earth to bey dynamic
  • Erosion of landscapes and subsewuent deposition or burial
  • rocks were not formed from the rgeat steamy sea of Werner
A

Plutonism

50
Q

The concept that the laws that govern modern processes occured also in the past.

A

Uniformitarianism

51
Q

¨The present is the key to the past¨

A

Archibald Geikie (1905)

52
Q
  • a more modern view compared to Uniformitarianism
  • The rate of change and intensity may differ through time.
  • The governing laws would stay the same.
A

Actualism

GEOLOGY 01 (3 decks)

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