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Secondary 3 Geography > plate tecs gw 3 > Flashcards

plate tecs gw 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the prepardness measures?

A
  • land use regulations
  • infrastructure
  • emergency drills
  • earthquake monitoring and warning systems
  • tsunami monitoring and warning systems
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2
Q

what are land use regulations?

A
  • set of rules implements to restrict development in certain areas
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3
Q

give an example of land use regulation?

A
  • i.e. california, usa
  • new buildings are not build cross fault lines/ areas at risk of liquefaction (vibrations from earthquakes cause saturated soil to flow like liquid –> ground becomes unstable –> buildings cannot withstand)
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4
Q

describe additional details on land use regulations?

A
  • prohibition of building on low-lying prone to tsunamis
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5
Q

give another example of land use regulation

A
  • i.e. japan
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6
Q

what are the advantages of land use regulations?

A
  • [+] decreases number of casualties

- [+] minimises cost of damage

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7
Q

what are the disadvantages of land use regulations?

A
  • [-] depends on cooperation of private owners
  • [-] may often need to be carried out at places built up / privately owned
  • [-] costly to compensate + build
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8
Q

describe the aspects of infrastructure?

A
  • effective building design
  • roads, bridges, dams
  • homes, office buildings, factories
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9
Q

elaborate on effective building design?

A
  • reduces collapse of buildings

- minimises damage

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10
Q

elaborate on roads, bridges and dams

A
  • resist shaking of ground
  • don’t collapse
  • easily repaired even if collapse
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11
Q

Elaborate on homes, office buildings, factories

A
  • trip swtiches that turn off electrical points in case of an earthquake
  • prevent fires from breaking out
  • i.e. japan
  • machinese in factories auto shutdown when they sense EQ vibrations
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12
Q

describe an example of infrastructure?

A
  • i.e. taipei 101
  • steel and reinforced concrete able to withstand earthquake
  • damping devices like shock absorbers for seismic energy released
  • counterweights which move in direction opposite of EQ
  • prevent building from swaying and collapsing
  • wide and heavy bases of building
  • decreases likelihood of building collapsing
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13
Q

what are the advantages of infrastructure?

A
  • [+] fewer lives lost
  • [+] faster rescues
  • [+] less money on recovery
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14
Q

what are the disadvantages of infrastructure?

A
  • [-] takes time

- [-] extremely costly

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15
Q

what are emergency drills?

A
  • people practise the steps to take when an earthquake occurs
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16
Q

describe en example of emergency drills?

A
  • i.e. japan
  • since 1960, japan has emergency drills on 1 september annually
  • earthquake of high magnitude is stimulated
  • main roads are blocked and emergency vehicles take alternate routes
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17
Q

what are the advantages of emergency drills?

A
  • [+] creates awareness among the population
  • [+] reduces level of panic and irrational behaviour
  • [+] know how to react to a disaster
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18
Q

what are the disadvantages of emergency drills?

A
  • [-] only effective if thee is time to evacuate

- [-] only effective if earthquake is not as serious as what is practised

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19
Q

what are earthuake monitoring and warning systems?

A
  • monitored by studying history of when and where earthquale have occurred
  • provides an estimation of frequency and magnitude of earthquake @ particular fault lines
  • seismic maps show likelihood of locations @ risk of earth movements and liquefactionr
20
Q

what are the advantages of earthquake monitoring and warning systems?

A
  • [+] give general indication of frequency and magnitude
  • installing EQ sensors in EQ prone zones
  • monitoring frequency of vibration and detect possible developments of an earthquake
  • installed on bridges of roads and (estimate damages)
21
Q

what are the disadvantages of earthquake monitoring and warning systems?

A
  • [-] maps don’t have precise info on location, time and magnitude of future EQs
  • [-] expensive to obtain, install and use
  • [-] EQ usually occurs seconds after warning, not enought time to evacuate
  • [-] false warnings
22
Q

what are tsunami monitoring and warning systems?

A
  • pressure sensor, seismographs, deep ocean tsunami detectors (USA)
  • surface buoy connected to pressure sensor anchored to seafloor
  • temperature and pressure measured and relayed every 15 seconds
  • info sent by satellite to land-based tsunami warning stations
23
Q

what are the disadvantages of tsunami monitoring and warning systems?

A
  • [-] prone to give false alarms when waves are high

- [-] little time to evacuate once approaching tsunami is detected

24
Q

what are the short term responses?

A
  • rescue and recovery
  • providing medical aid, food and water
  • humanitarian aid
25
Q

what is rescue and recovery?

A
  • people trapped under collapsed buildings are quicky located and freed
26
Q

give an example of rescue and recovery?

A
  • i.e. tohoku earthquake, japan 2011
  • emergency command centre
  • sniffer dogs
  • large number of rescue workers
  • heat sensors
  • members of japanese self-defense force
27
Q

what are the advantages of rescue and recovery?

A
  • [+] survivors were found after being trapped for a few hours
28
Q

what are the disadvantages of rescue and recovery?

A
  • [-] rescue workers have limited time to rescue (3 days)
  • [-] periods of inclement weather curtails air operations
  • [-] hard to find people who want to help
  • [-] lack of supplies delivered to devastation zones
29
Q

what is providing medical aid, food and water?

A
  • food rations, medical aid, clean drinking water

- prevents dehydration and spread of diseases

30
Q

give an example of providing medical aid, food and water?

A
  • i.e. mexico, september 2017
  • earthquake of magnitude 5.2 caused: widespread damage, deaths, injuries
  • mexican red cross mobilised search and rescue efforts, helped those trapped under rubble
  • provided medical assistance
  • temporary shelter
  • basic needs
  • food rations
  • psychological support
31
Q

what are the advantages of providing medical aid, food and water?

A
32
Q

what are the advantages of providing medical aid, food and water?

A
  • [+] helps survivors continue with their lives

- [+] reduces number of injured people

33
Q

what are the disadvantages of providing medical aid, food and water?

A
  • [-] resources not instantly available
  • [-] time consuming to distribute to accommodate injured
  • [-] insufficient –> social unrest
  • i.e. haiti 2010
  • looting and fighting broke out because there was not enough food
34
Q

what is humanitarian aid?

A
  • aid given to victims of earthqauke, tsunami and other natural disasters
35
Q

given an example of humanitarian aid?

A
  • i.e. indian ocean tsunami, 2004
  • $6.25 mil donated to UN relief fund to assist 14 countries
  • 350 military vehicles and 3 helicopters to indonesia to deliver food
  • more than 110000 tonnes of food delivered to tsunami zone
36
Q

what are the advantages of humanitarian aid?

A
  • [+] helped with recovery of victims and countries

- {+] helped to stabilise countries

37
Q

what are the disadvantages of humanitarian aid?

A
  • [-] looting
  • everyone is desprate to survive and have access to basic needs
  • some can’t wait for long quese
  • [-] insufficiency
38
Q

what are the long term responses?

A
  • rebuilding of infrastructure

- provision of healthcare

39
Q

what is rebuilding infrastructure?

A
  • infrastructure and amenities are rebuilt and improved after disaster
40
Q

give an example of rebuilding infrastructure?

A
  • i.e. kobe japan 1995
  • authroties developed stricter building codes to ensure infrastructure had a higher level of development
  • japan spent billions developing tech to build more EQ resistent infrastructure
41
Q

what are the advantages of rebuilding of infrastructure?

A
  • [+] less money spent repairing if EQ occurs

- [+] less future damage and casualties

42
Q

what are the disadvantages of rebuilding of infrastructure?

A
  • [-] insufficient funds

- [-] not necessarily protected against tsunami

43
Q

what is provision of healthcare?

A
  • health options such as long-term counselling
  • loss of loved ones, homes, jobs –> counselling for long-lasting trauma
  • recovery takes time
44
Q

give an example of provision of healthcare?

A
  • i.e. christchurch nz, 2011
  • after 1 year, still have significant long anxiety and depression
  • increased number of health workers deployed in affected area
45
Q

what are the advantages of provision of healthcare?

A
  • [+] problems identified and addressed early

- [+] help affected people recover

Secondary 3 Geography (8 decks)

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