plate tecs gw 3 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the prepardness measures?
A
- land use regulations
- infrastructure
- emergency drills
- earthquake monitoring and warning systems
- tsunami monitoring and warning systems
2
Q
what are land use regulations?
A
- set of rules implements to restrict development in certain areas
3
Q
give an example of land use regulation?
A
- i.e. california, usa
- new buildings are not build cross fault lines/ areas at risk of liquefaction (vibrations from earthquakes cause saturated soil to flow like liquid –> ground becomes unstable –> buildings cannot withstand)
4
Q
describe additional details on land use regulations?
A
- prohibition of building on low-lying prone to tsunamis
5
Q
give another example of land use regulation
A
- i.e. japan
6
Q
what are the advantages of land use regulations?
A
- [+] decreases number of casualties
- [+] minimises cost of damage
7
Q
what are the disadvantages of land use regulations?
A
- [-] depends on cooperation of private owners
- [-] may often need to be carried out at places built up / privately owned
- [-] costly to compensate + build
8
Q
describe the aspects of infrastructure?
A
- effective building design
- roads, bridges, dams
- homes, office buildings, factories
9
Q
elaborate on effective building design?
A
- reduces collapse of buildings
- minimises damage
10
Q
elaborate on roads, bridges and dams
A
- resist shaking of ground
- don’t collapse
- easily repaired even if collapse
11
Q
Elaborate on homes, office buildings, factories
A
- trip swtiches that turn off electrical points in case of an earthquake
- prevent fires from breaking out
- i.e. japan
- machinese in factories auto shutdown when they sense EQ vibrations
12
Q
describe an example of infrastructure?
A
- i.e. taipei 101
- steel and reinforced concrete able to withstand earthquake
- damping devices like shock absorbers for seismic energy released
- counterweights which move in direction opposite of EQ
- prevent building from swaying and collapsing
- wide and heavy bases of building
- decreases likelihood of building collapsing
13
Q
what are the advantages of infrastructure?
A
- [+] fewer lives lost
- [+] faster rescues
- [+] less money on recovery
14
Q
what are the disadvantages of infrastructure?
A
- [-] takes time
- [-] extremely costly
15
Q
what are emergency drills?
A
- people practise the steps to take when an earthquake occurs
16
Q
describe en example of emergency drills?
A
- i.e. japan
- since 1960, japan has emergency drills on 1 september annually
- earthquake of high magnitude is stimulated
- main roads are blocked and emergency vehicles take alternate routes
17
Q
what are the advantages of emergency drills?
A
- [+] creates awareness among the population
- [+] reduces level of panic and irrational behaviour
- [+] know how to react to a disaster
18
Q
what are the disadvantages of emergency drills?
A
- [-] only effective if thee is time to evacuate
- [-] only effective if earthquake is not as serious as what is practised
19
Q
what are earthuake monitoring and warning systems?
A
- monitored by studying history of when and where earthquale have occurred
- provides an estimation of frequency and magnitude of earthquake @ particular fault lines
- seismic maps show likelihood of locations @ risk of earth movements and liquefactionr
20
Q
what are the advantages of earthquake monitoring and warning systems?
A
- [+] give general indication of frequency and magnitude
- installing EQ sensors in EQ prone zones
- monitoring frequency of vibration and detect possible developments of an earthquake
- installed on bridges of roads and (estimate damages)
21
Q
what are the disadvantages of earthquake monitoring and warning systems?
A
- [-] maps don’t have precise info on location, time and magnitude of future EQs
- [-] expensive to obtain, install and use
- [-] EQ usually occurs seconds after warning, not enought time to evacuate
- [-] false warnings
22
Q
what are tsunami monitoring and warning systems?
A
- pressure sensor, seismographs, deep ocean tsunami detectors (USA)
- surface buoy connected to pressure sensor anchored to seafloor
- temperature and pressure measured and relayed every 15 seconds
- info sent by satellite to land-based tsunami warning stations
23
Q
what are the disadvantages of tsunami monitoring and warning systems?
A
- [-] prone to give false alarms when waves are high
- [-] little time to evacuate once approaching tsunami is detected
24
Q
what are the short term responses?
A
- rescue and recovery
- providing medical aid, food and water
- humanitarian aid
25
what is rescue and recovery?
- people trapped under collapsed buildings are quicky located and freed
26
give an example of rescue and recovery?
- i.e. tohoku earthquake, japan 2011
- emergency command centre
- sniffer dogs
- large number of rescue workers
- heat sensors
- members of japanese self-defense force
27
what are the advantages of rescue and recovery?
- [+] survivors were found after being trapped for a few hours
28
what are the disadvantages of rescue and recovery?
- [-] rescue workers have limited time to rescue (3 days)
- [-] periods of inclement weather curtails air operations
- [-] hard to find people who want to help
- [-] lack of supplies delivered to devastation zones
29
what is providing medical aid, food and water?
- food rations, medical aid, clean drinking water
| - prevents dehydration and spread of diseases
30
give an example of providing medical aid, food and water?
- i.e. mexico, september 2017
- earthquake of magnitude 5.2 caused: widespread damage, deaths, injuries
- mexican red cross mobilised search and rescue efforts, helped those trapped under rubble
- provided medical assistance
- temporary shelter
- basic needs
- food rations
- psychological support
31
what are the advantages of providing medical aid, food and water?
32
what are the advantages of providing medical aid, food and water?
- [+] helps survivors continue with their lives
| - [+] reduces number of injured people
33
what are the disadvantages of providing medical aid, food and water?
- [-] resources not instantly available
- [-] time consuming to distribute to accommodate injured
- [-] insufficient --> social unrest
- i.e. haiti 2010
- looting and fighting broke out because there was not enough food
34
what is humanitarian aid?
- aid given to victims of earthqauke, tsunami and other natural disasters
35
given an example of humanitarian aid?
- i.e. indian ocean tsunami, 2004
- $6.25 mil donated to UN relief fund to assist 14 countries
- 350 military vehicles and 3 helicopters to indonesia to deliver food
- more than 110000 tonnes of food delivered to tsunami zone
36
what are the advantages of humanitarian aid?
- [+] helped with recovery of victims and countries
| - {+] helped to stabilise countries
37
what are the disadvantages of humanitarian aid?
- [-] looting
- everyone is desprate to survive and have access to basic needs
- some can't wait for long quese
- [-] insufficiency
38
what are the long term responses?
- rebuilding of infrastructure
| - provision of healthcare
39
what is rebuilding infrastructure?
- infrastructure and amenities are rebuilt and improved after disaster
40
give an example of rebuilding infrastructure?
- i.e. kobe japan 1995
- authroties developed stricter building codes to ensure infrastructure had a higher level of development
- japan spent billions developing tech to build more EQ resistent infrastructure
41
what are the advantages of rebuilding of infrastructure?
- [+] less money spent repairing if EQ occurs
| - [+] less future damage and casualties
42
what are the disadvantages of rebuilding of infrastructure?
- [-] insufficient funds
| - [-] not necessarily protected against tsunami
43
what is provision of healthcare?
- health options such as long-term counselling
- loss of loved ones, homes, jobs --> counselling for long-lasting trauma
- recovery takes time
44
give an example of provision of healthcare?
- i.e. christchurch nz, 2011
- after 1 year, still have significant long anxiety and depression
- increased number of health workers deployed in affected area
45
what are the advantages of provision of healthcare?
- [+] problems identified and addressed early
| - [+] help affected people recover
