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Secondary 3 Geography > coasts gw 3 > Flashcards

coasts gw 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe limit damaging activities through fines and jail sentences?

A
  • damaging activities : activites that interrupt the functioning of natural systems such as blasting coral reefs, clearing mangroves, constructing facilities
  • management that aligns the needs and demands of people and the nature of the coastal environment
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2
Q

name an example of limiting damaging activities through fines and jail sentences

A

in port philip, melbourne, areas with sand dunes were fenced off and access paths were built

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3
Q

describe protecting coastal resources through reserves?

A

limitation : due to the massive size of the reserves, it is not possible for coast guards to guard the borders of the reserves all the time, thus people are able to sneak in
limitation : local fishermen oppose reserves as their access to a valuable resource and a major source of food is being denied

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4
Q

name an example of protecting coastal resources through reserves?

A

14 times more snapper withint the goat island marine reserve, new zealand, than outside it

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5
Q

describe restricting development in areas prone to natural hazards (coastal zone management plan)?

A
  • despite occurrence and unpredictability of natural hazards such as tsunamis, people are still attracted to coasts due to natural resources
  • management policies to deal with threat of natural hazards in coastal areas
  • relocate existing structures away from hazard prone coastal areas
  • avoid new development along hazard prone coastlines
  • defend existing hazard zones by using engineering methods
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6
Q

what is hard engineering?

A
  • construction of physical structures to protect coasts against the erosive power of waves
  • in general, more immediate income, however is more expensive and requires much more maintenance
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7
Q

what are seawalls?

A
  • made of concrete or stone and built parallel to the coast, spanning the entire coastline
  • helps reduce erosion by absorbing wave energy
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8
Q

name an example of effective use of seawalls?

A

King’s Parade seawall in Uk is 4m tall and 2.3km long, and has been effective at reducing erosion, with no cases of cliff collapse in many years

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9
Q

what are the advantages of seawalls?

A
  • they look more aesthetically pleasing than other engineering methods while still maintaing the same functionality of being able to reduce wave energy
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10
Q

what are the limitations of seawalls?

A
  • seawalls are costly to build and maintain. If they are not maintained properly, they can collapse
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11
Q

name of an example of ineffecitve use of seawalls?

A
  • 4500m seawall in East Coast Park, Singapore became unstable and ineffective
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12
Q

what are breakwaters?

A
  • granite rock structures built off and parallet to the coast
  • create a zone of calm water behind them when construced offshore, allowing materials to build up and form beaches
    E.g. East Coast Park, Singapore
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13
Q

what are the advantages of breakwaters?

A
  • they take the full force of waves and as such reduce overall energy
  • they create a natural harbor which can be used to dock boats in this area of calm water
  • they do not interfere with water flow
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14
Q

what are the limitations of breakwaters?

A
  • they are unaesthetically pleasing
  • they are expensive to build
  • they protect the coast unevenly
  • zones not protected by breakwaters still subjected to wave action and erosion
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15
Q

name an example of ineffective use of breakwaters?

A
  • breakwaters in Portland Habour, England resulted in erosion and flooding problems
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16
Q

what are groynes?

A
  • low walls constructed at right angles to shore
  • somtimes angled at about 10 degrees depending on circumstances
  • e.g. Dawlish Warren, England
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17
Q

what are the advantages of groynes?

A
  • absorb or reduce energy of waves
  • retain materials that might otherwise be removed by longshore drift by causing materials to be deposited on the updrift side of groyne facing lonshore drift
18
Q

what are the limitations of groynes?

A
  • unsightly and ugly
  • expensive to build and maintain
  • no new materials carried deposited on downdrift side not protected by groyne, thus eventually eroding away unprotected area of beach
19
Q

name an example of ineffective use of groynes?

A

groynes in Sandy Hook, USA were eventually demolished because large amounts of sediments were eroded on the downdrift side

20
Q

what are gabions?

A
  • wire cages usually filled with crushed rocks
  • they are usually built along a shore or behind a beach
    E.g. Seaton Beach in Devon, England
21
Q

what are the advantages of gabions?

A
  • weaken wave energy and absorbs wave energy betwee than seawalls by allowing water to filter through
  • this makes them better against high energy waves
22
Q

what are the limitations of gabions?

A
  • unsightly
  • costly and need to be maintained regularly
  • easily corroded by seawater and damaged by excessive trampling or vandalism
23
Q

name an example of ineffective use of gabions?

A

gabions installed in East Coast Park, Singapore were removed after being vandalised

24
Q

what are tetrapods?

A
  • four pronged concrete structures that help dissive wave energy
  • stacked offshore in interlocking positions
  • E.g. Crescent city, a town on the coast of California, has used tetrapods to defend against coastal erosion and reduce impact of tsunamis
25
Q

what are the advantages of tetrapods?

A
  • allow water to pass through them rather than hit against them, prventing powerful backwash which reduce possibility of tetrapod being damaged by waves
  • cast into final shape before being positioned, can be placed quickly compared to other methods which take time to build while coasts under attack from waves
26
Q

what are the limitations of tetrapods?

A
  • unsightly and unaesthetically appealing
  • expensive to build
  • dangerous to swimmers, surfers and boaters
27
Q

what is soft engineering?

A
  • protecting of coast using natural processes, without involving constructione of physical structures
  • generally, takes a longer time but more effective/sustainable in the long term
28
Q

what is beach nourishment?

A
  • beach nourishment refers to using sand from external source to replenish sand on depleted beach
  • sand may come from another beach or from sea floor
  • E.g. nourishment of Miami beach, USA revitalised the economy because it was previosly impossible to walk along the beach, especially during high tide
29
Q

what are the advantages of beach nourishment?

A
  • can successfully change a coast into a wide, sandy beach that offers protection to immediate inland area
  • slows down erosion of beach
  • can restore depleted beaches
30
Q

what are the limitations of beach nourishment?

A
  • trucking/piping in sand is expensive and time consuming
  • coral reefs may be destroyed as sand used for beach nourishment is washed out from sea and suffocates corals
  • re-ournished beaches can still be eroded unless other management strategies are in place
31
Q

name an example of ineffective use of beach nourishment?

A

beach nourishment in Waikiki beach, hawaii lead to the suffocation of corals

32
Q

what is planting of vegetation e.g. mangroves?

A
  • example of vegetation that can be planted is mangrove

- during the 2004 tsunami in Bangladesh, coastal areas protected by mangroves suffered less damages than other areas

33
Q

what are the advantages of planting vegetation?

A
  • mangroves can absorb wave energy through their dense root system whilst providing many benefits passively to the environment such as cleaner water or acting as a habitat
34
Q

what are the limitations of planting vegetation?

A
  • may take a long time (years) established before it can resist natural elements like storms or human elements like vandalism or trampling
35
Q

what is stabilising dunes?

A
  • vegetated beaches are beaches with vegetation

- E.g. Triton Place, West Australia

36
Q

what are the advantages of stabilising dunes?

A
  • planting vegetation can helps tabilise coastlines because roots anchor sand and prevent erosion
  • lower cost of maintenance once dune is established because vegetation propagates itself
37
Q

what are the limitations of stabilising dunes?

A
  • take number of years to be established before it can resists natural elements like storms or human elements like trampling or vandalism
  • to prevent them from being distrubed, fences and access paths needs to be built. Thus there is cost incurred
  • they may also need to be replaced with taller ones as dunes grow taller
38
Q

name an example of ineffective use of stabilising dunes?

A

sand dunes in Port Philip, Melbourne, led to some areas being fenchednoff, reducing public access to the beach. 75% of dunes in the Mediterranean were destroyed, primarily due to tourism

39
Q

what is growing coral reefs?

A
  • coral reefs can be created by placing lasting materials like steel and concret on the sea floor, allowing them to be colonised by corals
  • coral and other marine creatures like vegetation then colonise them and it functions as a natural reefs
  • E.g. In Maldives, a low-lying archipelago, steel rods charged with low-voltage electricity were placed on the seabed, which allows corals to grow 3-5 times faster- it now sustains a variety of corals and marine animals
40
Q

what are the advantages of growing coral reefs?

A
  • weaken wave energy

- serve as breeding ground and nursery for fish

41
Q

what are the limitations of growing coral reefs?

A
  • not easy to encourage coral growth because sites need to be surveyed to ensure maximum opportunity for growth
  • dangers of siltation need to be overcome or avoided
  • coral growth may be slow, taking 20-30 years before results appear

Secondary 3 Geography (8 decks)

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