Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Motor Control > Plasticity, Theories, and Basic Variables > Flashcards

Plasticity, Theories, and Basic Variables Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasticity

A

The ability to show neural modifiability from short term changes in efficiency/strength of synaptic connections to long term structural changes in organization/number of connection of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or False:

Plasticity is experience dependent reorganization

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the fundamentals of plasticity (5)

A
  1. Plasticity involves a variety of processes and structures that take place throughout lifetime
  2. Plasticity has a clear age dependent determinant
  3. Plasticity occurs under two conditions
  4. Plasticity is influenced by environment
  5. Plasticity is a two way street
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 conditions under which plasticity occurs

A
  1. Typical brain development

2. Adaptive mechanism to injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does it mean that plasticity is a two way street

A

If you don’t use it you lose it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does plasticity occur (3)

A
  1. Beginning of life (critical period)
  2. Throughout adulthood (following critical period)
  3. Damage (compensations and relearning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does plasticity lead to learning (2)

A
  1. Changes in internal structures of neurons at synapses

2. Increased number of synapses between neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do short term changes usually occur

A

At the level of the synpase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 types of plasticity

A
  1. Functional plasticity

2. Structural plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is functional plasticity

A

The ability of the brain to change a functional task to another area following damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is structural plasticity

A

The ability of a structure to change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Characteristics of acquisition of skills occur in infants during critical periods (3)

A
  1. Info is unregulated
  2. The brain is always on
  3. Synaptic formation is constantly occurring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is the info unregulated and the brain always being on

A

The infant does not know what to pay attention to so they take everything in leading too mass synapse formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When do critical periods occur

A

Birth to 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Characteristics of acquisition of skills occur in older children/adults (3)

A
  1. Generation of reliable/coordinated responses
  2. Increase power of off
  3. Synaptic pruning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or False:

Learning and recovery of function is a continuum

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is function

A

Complex activity directed at performance of a task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is recovery

A

Re-acquisition of movement skills lost through injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is recovery of function impacted by (5)

A
  1. Age
  2. Characteristics of lesion
  3. Pre-injury factors
  4. Post-injury factors
  5. Neurotrophic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are neurotrophic factors

A

Proteins that are responsible for growth in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What levels can plasticity occur at (6)

A
  1. Brain level
  2. Network level
  3. Intercellular level
  4. Intracellular level
  5. Biochemical level
  6. Genetic level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Following injury we may see what (4)

A
  1. Denervation supersensitivity
  2. Unmasking of silent synapses
  3. Neural regeneration
  4. Collateral sprouting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is denervation supersensitivity

A

Increased sensitivity after denervation (demyelination)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is unmasking of silent synapses

A

Immediate reorganization secondary to “unmasking” of previously non functional, nearby synaptic connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When you talk about cortical maps should you think short term or long term changes

A

Long term changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False:

In healthy adults cortical representation of body changes in response to skill acquisition

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or False:

Neural injury opens a “window” of increased plasticity in CNS

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens with peripheral lesions (2)

A
  1. Cortical maps in nearby areas increase responsiveness of previously weak connections
  2. Reactivation/new connections can form in larger insulted areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens with central lesions (2)

A
  1. New regions (secondary motor regions or adjacent cortex) or redundant pathways take over function
  2. Cerebellum activitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

True or False:

Neural plasticity is the foundation for motor learning and recovery of function

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is motor learning

A

The study of the acquisition and/or modification of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is performance

A

Measured from a short term perspective, just because they can perform the task doesn’t mean they have learned it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is learning

A

Has to be done after a period of no practice and in different environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Performance characteristics (3)

A
  1. Observable behavior
  2. In part attributed and sensitive to “state” variables
  3. Variable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are “state” variables (4)

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Motivation
  3. Hunger
  4. Arousal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Learning characteristics (4)

A
  1. Acquiring (re-acquiring ) capacity to perform motor skills
  2. Internal mental process
  3. Observed through repeated performance (acquisition) and under different circumstances (generalized)
  4. Relatively permanent (retained)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What level does motor learning occur at

A

The cortical level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or False:

Motor learning is a set of processes

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or False:

Motor learning produces a habit

A

True

40
Q

True or False:

Motor learning is not directly observable

A

True

41
Q

True or False:

Motor learning is permanent

A

True

42
Q

What are the 2 types of learning

A
  1. Implicit (non-declarative)

2. Explicit (declarative)

43
Q

What is implicit learning

A

Reflexive, automatic, habitual in nature due to repetition

44
Q

What are the types of implicit learning (3)

A
  1. Non-associative learning
  2. Associative learning
  3. Procedural learning
45
Q

What is explicit learning

A

Requires attention, awareness, and reflection (deals with facts and events)

46
Q

What is non-associative learning

A

Response to repeated stimulus

47
Q

What can occur with non-associative learning (2)

A
  1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

48
Q

What is habituation

A

Decreased responsiveness

49
Q

What is sensitization

A

Increased responsiveness

50
Q

True or False:

Habituation is the premise behind vestibular rehab

A

True

51
Q

What is associative learning

A

Prediction of relationships

52
Q

What are the types of associative learning (2)

A
  1. Classical conditioning

2. Operant conditioning

53
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

When a stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus (pavlov’s dog)

54
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

The strength of the behavior is modified by the consequences of the task

55
Q

What is procedural learning

A

“Habit” learning tasks that can be performed without attention (done automatically)

56
Q

What does procedural learning allow for

A

Attention to be used for other environmental demands

57
Q

True or False:

Explicit learning is factual knowledge that is consciously recalled

A

True

58
Q

What does explicit learning require (3)

A
  1. Awareness
  2. Attention
  3. Reflection
59
Q

True or False:

Explicit learning can be transformed to implicit learning

A

True

60
Q

How is explicit learning able to be transformed to implicit learning

A

With repetition and practiced in other ways than it was learned

61
Q

True or False:

Explicit learning uses recall from past learning and experiences

A

True

62
Q

Explicit learning involves what (4)

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Consolidation
  3. Storage
  4. Retrieval
63
Q

Should therapy focus on implicit or explicit forms of learning

A

It depends on where you are in the stage of learning

64
Q

Example of explicit learning given by Priore

A

Imagine yourself getting in and out of the chair and how it used to feel

65
Q

Example of implicit learning given by Priore

A

You are setting up the environment without them consciously thinking about how to do the task resulting in them just performing it

66
Q

What is Schmidt’s Schema Theory

A

Motor programs contain generalized rules for a specific class of movements

67
Q

What are the 2 sub-schema in Schmidt’s Schema Theory

A
  1. Recall schema

2. Recognition schema

68
Q

What is the recall schema

A

Select a specific response among past movement outcomes

69
Q

What is recognition schema

A

Evaluate response against past movement outcomes

70
Q

True or False:

A schema is I have the general idea of what I am supposed to do and can make it fit the environment

A

True

71
Q

True or False:

Schmidt’s schema theory viewed learning as an ongoing process of updating recall and recognition schemas

A

True

72
Q

What are the clinical implications of Schmidt’s schema theory

A

Practice the task under different conditions to form accurate recall and recognition schemas

73
Q

What are the limitations to Schmidt’s schema theory (3)

A
  1. Evidence based research is mixed among adult populations (strong evidence in kids)
  2. Lacks specificity
  3. Cannot account for immediate acquisition of motor skills
74
Q

What are the 3 stages of Fitts and Posner’s three stage model

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Associative
  3. Autonomous
75
Q

What is the cognitive stage

A

Learner assess task demands and develop strategies to carry out the taks

76
Q

What is the associative stage

A

Refinement of motor patterns

77
Q

What is the autonomous stage

A

Movements are highly organized

78
Q

True or False:

In Fitts and Posner’s three stage model we would clinically expect attentional demand to decrease as stages progress

A

True

79
Q

What stage of Fitts and Posner’s three stage model is the how to do it best

A

Associative stage

80
Q

What stage of Fitts and Posner’s three stage model is the what has to be done stage

A

Cognitive stage

81
Q

What stage of Fitts and Posner’s three stage model is the how to succeed stage

A

Autonomous stage

82
Q

What does the systems three stage model emphasis

A

Emphasis on controlling degrees of freedom of segments involved in movement when learning (how body segments move in relation to one another)

83
Q

What are the 3 stages of the systems three stage model

A
  1. Novice stage
  2. Advanced stage
  3. Expert stage
84
Q

What is the novice stage

A

Control degrees of freedom

85
Q

What is the advanced stage

A

Releasing additional degrees of freedom

86
Q

What is the expert stage

A

All degrees of freedom are released

87
Q

Clinically with the systems three stage model what constrains the degrees of freedom

A

Co-activation of muscles that stiffens joints

88
Q

What does Gentile’s two stage model focus on

A

Goal of the learner

89
Q

What is the first stage of Gentile’s two stage model

A

Getting the idea

90
Q

What is the second stage of Gentile’s two stage model

A

Fixation/diversification

91
Q

What is fixation

A

Closed skill

92
Q

What is diversification

A

Open skill

93
Q

What occurs during the getting the idea stage of Gentile’s two stage model (2)

A
  1. Discrimination between regulatory and non-regulatory conditions
  2. Development of basic movement patterns
94
Q

What is able to occur during the second stage of Gentile’s two stage model when fixation occurs

A

Refinement of movement pattern

95
Q

What is able to occur during the second stage of Gentile’s two stage model when diversification occurs

A

Adaption of movement to changing environment

Motor Control (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions