Information Processing Flashcards
What is information processing
How people take in info from the environment and use the info to select and respond to a motor output
What are the approaches founded in psychology that are not theories of information processing (2)
- Ecological approaches
2. Cognitive approaches
What is the ecological approach
How individuals react with the environment and what it affords them the opportunity to due
True or False:
Perception is based on experiences
True
True or False:
How you perceive what the environment affords you will determine your response
True
True or False:
In the cognitive approach humans interact with the environment as processors of information
True
True or False:
Everyone takes stimulus in the same way
true
In the cognitive approach what do you do after you receive recognize and ID environmental stimuli
Select and execute planned actions
How is info from the environment processed in the cognitive approach
A series of systems
What are the series of systems to processing info from the environment (4)
- Attention
- Perception
- STM
- Recall from LTM
What are the steps of information processing (7)
- Define the task
- Evaluate starting conditions
- Select a plan
- Generate movement instructions
- Monitor outcome
- Feedback (which can bring you back to evaluate starting conditions)
- Storage of motor memory
What is serial processing
Single channel models in which one process is completed before the next starts
True or False:
In serial processing motor output occurs after processing
True
What is parallel processing
Multi-channel or multiple-resource models in which some or all processes occur at the same time
True or False:
In parallel processing you can start the motor output while processing
True
What is another name for serial processing
Sequential processing
What is another name for parallel processing
Simultaneous processing
True or False:
Serial and parallel processing should be thought of in a continuum and can occur together
True
What are the 3 stages of IP
- Stimulus identification stage
- Response selection stage
- Response programming stage
What do the 3 stages of IP relate to
Reaction time
What is reaction time
How long it takes you to react to a stimulus
What are the stimulus and stimulus identification based on
Perception
What is the stimulus identification stage
Detection of sensory stimuli and neural encoding of sensory information
What are the senses used in stimulus identification (4)
- Visual
- Auditory
- Kinesthetic proprioception
- Touch stimuli
True or False:
The senses used in stimulus identification rarely act in isolation
True
What must the stimuli be recognized as in the stimulus identification stage
A pattern
What are the 2 substages of stimulus identification
- Stimulus detection
2. Pattern recognition
What is stimulus detection
Recognizing the stimuli
True or False:
The environmental stimuli is processed at different levels until memory is contacted
True
In the stimulus identification stage what affects reaction time (4)
- Stimulus clarity
- Intensity
- Modality
- Complexity
What is pattern recognition
How humans decipher pattern from stimuli
What are the 2 situations in which patterns are recognized
- Static situations
2. Dynamic situations
What are static situations
Stimuli is stationary
What are dynamic situations
Stimuli is moving in the environment
True or False:
Patterns are genetically defined or learned
True
What is the response selection stage
What motor response should be executed
What is processing time affected by (4)
- Number of stimulus response choices
- Stimulus response capability
- Practice
- Predictability
How is stimulus response capability strengthened
By learned association
What is Hick’s Law
As the number of choices increases the longer it takes for processing to occur
What is Fitt’s Law
As the amount of information to process increases the longer it takes for processing to occur
What is the response programming stage
Organization of action response
True or False:
The response programming stage is the final set of processes for communication with the environment
True
What is the Henry-Rogers experiment (2)
- Increased complexity of response to program leads to increased reaction time
- More time to program movements, increased accuracy demand, and longer movement durations
What are the factors affecting response programming (3)
- Number of movement parts
- Movement accuracy
- Movement duration
What does anticipation do
Speeds up response selection
How does anticipation speed up response selection
Because you already know what your response will be for a stimulus
How does anticipation effect reaction time
It shortens reaction time
What are the 3 ways to anticipate
- Receptor
- Effector
- Perceptual
What is receptor anticipation
Detect upcoming events from environmental stimuli using sensory receptors
What is effector anticipation
How long it will take your motor response to occur
What is perceptual anticipation
Can predict what will happen based on experience
What is spatial (event) anticipation
Anticipation of TYPE of stimulus present and what subsequent response would be required
What does spatial anticipation allow
Some response programming before stimulus has arrived (decreasing RT)
What can occur with spatial anticipation
One movement can be planned while another is executed
What is temporal anticipation
Anticipation of WHEN stimulus will arrive which can lead to a large decrease in RT
What are foreperiods
Period of time prior to stimulus onset
What are the types of foreperiods (2)
- Constant foreperiods
2. Variable duration foreperiods
What foreperiod creates the shortest reaction times
Constant and short foreperiods
What is quicker automatic or controlled processing of info
Automatic processing of info
True or False:
In automatic processing of information neurons activate in response to stimuli
True
What type of attention/processing does automatic processing of info require
Limited
True or False:
Automatic processing of info has a greater capacity and is faster than controlled processing of info
True
Is automatic processing serial or parallel in nature
Parallel
True or False:
Controlled processing of info requires selective attention
True
Do we used controlled processing of info for well learned or not well learned tasks
Not well learned
Is controlled processing of info serial or parallel in nature
Serial in nature
What else impacts information processing (3)
- Arousal
- Anxiety
- Attention
What is arousal
How alert you are (activation of the CNS)
True or False:
There is an optimal level of arousal for each task
True
Are fine motor tasks better at a low or high level of arousal
Low level of arousal
Are gross motor tasks better at low or high level of arousal
High level of arousal
What is happening with low arousal
Taking in too many stimuli and can’t determine what is relevant
What is happening with high arousal
Focus too much on one stimuli missing relevant cues
If someone is inexperienced what is the best level of arousal and why
Low level of arousal so you can take everything in
What is another name for perceptual narrowing
Tunnel vision
What is perceptual narrowing
Increased arousal for stimuli related to task vs. irrelevant stimuli with a decreased ability to perceive stimuli outside primary focus
What is hypervigilance/panic
Severe stress conditions which lead to severely disrupted actions
What occurs when some one is hypervigilant/panicked
Freezing
What are the 2 types of IP under high arousal
- Perceptual narrowing
2. Hypervigilance/panic
