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Motor Control > Attention and Memory > Flashcards

Attention and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:

At some point during information processing there is interference that occurs no matter what

A

True

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2
Q

True or False:

Some stimuli are processed in parallel

A

True

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3
Q

What happens when some stimuli exceed the limits of attention

A

You switch between competing sources

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4
Q

What happens when some stimuli require prolonged periods of processing

A

Diminished attention

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5
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of attention

A
  1. Focusing
  2. Shifting
  3. Sustainability
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6
Q

What is focusing attention

A

Selectively attentive

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7
Q

What is shifting attention

A

Shift from one stimuli to another

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8
Q

What is sustainability attention

A

Staying on task

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9
Q

What are the 2 main categories of attention

A
  1. Selective attention

2. Divided attention

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10
Q

What is selective attention

A

Only one task or stimuli

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11
Q

What is divided attention

A

Divided between multiple tasks or stimuli

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12
Q

When is selective attention used

A

Difficulty attending to more than one thing at a time

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13
Q

True or False:

With selective attention you have to make a conscious decision of what too focus on

A

True

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14
Q

What are the types of selective attention (2)

A
  1. Visual selective attention

2. Auditory selective attention

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15
Q

What is an example of visual selective attention

A

Stroop task

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16
Q

What is an example of auditory selective attention

A

Dichotic listening

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17
Q

What is the theoretical interpretation of selective attention

A

Bottleneck theories

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18
Q

True or False:

Theories of attention differ based on when in the IP stage attention begins to decline

A

True

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19
Q

What is another name for the single channel filter theories

A

Bottleneck theory

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20
Q

True or False:

The single channel filter theories states there is a fixed capacity for IP

A

True

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21
Q

True or False:

Attention is a single resource directed at one of a number of processing operations

A

True

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22
Q

What are the 2 sub-theories of the bottleneck theory

A
  1. Early filter theories

2. Late filter theories

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23
Q

What are the early filter theories (2)

A
  1. Stroop

2. Dichotic listening

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24
Q

What is the late filter theory

A

Cocktail party

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25
Q

Why do we need the “bottleneck”

A

Because there are so many stimuli in the world so we don’t overload the system

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26
Q

Where does filtering occur in the bottleneck theories

A

At the bottleneck (obviously)

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27
Q

What does the bottleneck determine

A

The point at which you aren’t able to process in parallel and have to process in series

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28
Q

Who came up with the early filter theories

A

Broadbent

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29
Q

Who came up with the late filter theories

A

Treisman

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30
Q

What is Broadbent’s filter model (5)

A
  1. Inputs to
  2. Sensory store to
    3 Selective filter to
  3. Higher level processing to
  4. Working memory
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31
Q

What are the 2 types of input in Broadbent’s filter model

A
  1. Attended messages

2. Unattended messages

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32
Q

What is the sensory store

A

Where info is held for less than a second

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33
Q

What happens at the selective filter

A

The unattended message is lost

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34
Q

Is the unattended message processed

A

Nope

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35
Q

What is the selective filter based on

A

Physical properties

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36
Q

What is a limitation in Broadbent’s filter model

A

Limitations in stimulus identification

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37
Q

What is Broadbent’s filter model in short

A

Physical characteristics used to select one message for further processing and all other messages are lost

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38
Q

What is the stroop effect

A

The ability of attention to filter visual input

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39
Q

Does the stroop effect use serial or parallel processing

A

Parallel processing

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40
Q

What is processed faster in the stroop effect the written word or the color

A

The written word

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41
Q

What does the stroop effect show

A

That the unattended message (written word) gets processed fully

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42
Q

True or False:

The stroop effect negates Broadbent’s filter model because the unattended message gets filterd

A

True

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43
Q

What are the 2 conditions of the stroop effect (2)

A
  1. The color of the word matches the word

2. The color of the word is different from the word

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44
Q

What is dichotic listening

A

Two messages given simultaneously and the listener is asked to “shadow” a message (repeat)

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45
Q

What happened with the attended ear in dichotic listening

A

The person was able to repeat the message in the ear the were told to shadow

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46
Q

What happened with the non attended ear in dichotic listening

A

The person could determine if the voice was male or female or loud or soft

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47
Q

True or False:

The person being able to identify if the unattended voice was male or female refutes Broadbent’s filter model

A

True

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48
Q

What is Treisman’s attenuation model (6)

A
  1. Inputs
  2. Sensory store
  3. Attenuating filter
  4. Bottleneck
  5. Hierarchy of analyzers
  6. Working memory
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49
Q

What occurs at the bottle neck

A

The message is attenuated

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50
Q

What does the message being attenuated mean

A

The volume of the message is turned down

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51
Q

What are the hierarchy of analyzers (4)

A
  1. Syllables
  2. Words
  3. Grammar
  4. Semantics
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52
Q

What determines if the attenuated message gets processed at this stage and too what degree

A

Their threshold

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53
Q

What is Treisman’s attenuation model in short

A

Physical characteristics are used to select one message for processing and other messages are given partial processing (attenuation)

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54
Q

What is the cocktail party phenomenon

A

Some unattended stimuli are processed in parallel with attended stimuli during early stimulus identification

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55
Q

What is the short of the cocktail party phenomenon

A

If the stimulus is loud enough or has enough meaning it can interrupt attention

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56
Q

What is inattention blindness

A

Failure to see certain visual stimuli when engaged in specific search task

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57
Q

True or False:

Intentionally processing specific visual information led to the inability to process other visual stimuli

A

True

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58
Q

True or False:

Inattention blindness can be demonstrated in action events such as looked but failed to see

A

True

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59
Q

What is divided attention

A

Trying to attend to multiple stimuli at one and make multiple responses

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60
Q

What is the central resource capacity theory

A

The amount of attention you have to give is fixed but where you can put the attention is not fixed

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61
Q

True or False:

In the central resource capacity theory it is said attention can be placed on more than one stimulus at a time

A

True

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62
Q

True or False:

Tasks compete for attention

A

True

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63
Q

What is the multiple resource theories

A

Think of attention as multiple pools of resources in which each pool handles specific kinds of IP

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64
Q

True or False:

Two tasks competing for common resources don’t perform as well as two tasks competing for different resources

A

True

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65
Q

True or False:

Attention can be placed on both input and output stages simultaneously

A

True

66
Q

What does attention being placed on both input or output simultaneously lead to

A

Skill

67
Q

Distracted driving shows what

A

Limitations in response selection or programming

68
Q

True or False:

There was a 4x increase in accident risk when driver used handheld device

A

True

69
Q

True or False:

Driving using a handheld device is comparable to DUI

A

True

70
Q

What is capacity interference

A

Interference that occurs from the inability to hold anymore information

71
Q

What is structural interference

A

Interference that occurs due to performing a task

72
Q

Is a hand held device structural or capacity interference

A

Structural interference

73
Q

Is a hands free device structural or capacity interference

A

Capacity interference

74
Q

What are factors that impact driving performance while using cell phones (3)

A
  1. Driving environment
  2. Driver characteristics
  3. Nature of conversation
75
Q

True or False:

When attention was diverted to inside the environment performance was diminished

A

True

76
Q

True or False:

Impaired ability to allocate attention to gait during dual task situations is a predictor of falls

A

True

77
Q

True or False:

Concurrent cognitive tasks slows walking performance in older adults

A

True

78
Q

True or False:

Cognitive dual task training showed significant improvements in gross motor performance

A

True

79
Q

True or False:

Dual task training improved gait speed in patients with Parkinson’s Disease

A

True

80
Q

What does success in performing two or more tasks at the same time require (3)

A
  1. Has to be meaningful
  2. Demands of the tasks can’t exceed the common capacity
  3. Two skills require different resources
81
Q

Does the bottleneck occur in the stimulus identification stage

A

Probably not

82
Q

Does the bottleneck occur in the response selection stage

A

Possibly yes

83
Q

Does the bottleneck occur in the response programming stage

A

Yes!

84
Q

What is the double stimulation paradigm

A

Separate responses to two stimuli presented closely together

85
Q

How do you explain double stimulation paradigm

A

Like a cross over in basketball

86
Q

How is the double stimulation paradigm like a cross over in basketball

A

If stimulus B comes in while stimulus A is still in the stimulus identification stage the person can adjust to stimulus B… But is stimulus B comes in when stimulus A is already through response selecting and already committed to stimulus A you cannot adjust to stimulus B. (stimulus A is the initial dribble and stimulus B is the cross over)

87
Q

What are the 2 types of attentional focus

A
  1. Internal

2. External

88
Q

What is internal attentional focus

A

Focusing on some aspect of the movement that is happening (golfer focusing on swing)

89
Q

What is external attentional focus

A

Focus is on the outcome

90
Q

When a skill is well learned should you use an external or internal focus of attention

A

External attentional focus

91
Q

When you are getting the idea down of the skill should you use an external or internal focus of attention

A

Internal attentional focus

92
Q

Saying “Don’t Choke!” does what to attentional focus

A

Shifts toward internal performance processes leading to regression of previous level of control

93
Q

Does all movement require attention

A

Nope

94
Q

True or False:

You can divert attention toward other aspects of the environment or future movements

A

True

95
Q

True or False:

Attention may “fine tune” motor movements and control

A

True

96
Q

Memory is a consequence of what

A

Information processing

97
Q

True or False:

Memory is the reason that previously processed information can affect current IP

A

True

98
Q

True or False:

Memory allows us to have a quicker IP due to previous experiences

A

True

99
Q

How does memory affect performance

A

Positively or negatively

100
Q

How can memory negatively effect performance

A

Learn poor mechanics it will take longer to change those mechanics

101
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory storage

A
  1. Short term sensory store (STSS)
  2. Short term memory (working memory_
  3. Long term memory
102
Q

What are the 2 types of influences on memory

A
  1. Direct

2. Indirect

103
Q

What is a direct influence of memory

A

Deliberate attempt to search/retrieve past experience

104
Q

What is an indirect influence of memory

A

Not a conscious recollection of memory, motor skills

105
Q

How does info reach LTM

A

It has to be rehearsed

106
Q

How do you get an output from memory

A

You have to retrieve info from LTM and bring it to STM

107
Q

What is the capacity of STM

A

7 bit capacity

108
Q

True or False:

If you pay no attention to info or do not use the info it will be forgotten

A

True

109
Q

True or False:

If you have troubles with STM your performance/output will suffer

A

True

110
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory storage

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
111
Q

True or False:

Encoding requires your attention

A

True

112
Q

What is the encoding stage

A

Where info is manipulated/converted for storage

113
Q

True or False:

A deficit in any of the stages of memory will result in deficits in memory

A

True

114
Q

What is the short term sensory store called

A

The sensory register

115
Q

What does sensory register mean

A

It is a pattern matcher

116
Q

True or False:

STSS holds massive amounts of info briefly but info fades if not used

A

True

117
Q

How long to STSS store literal info

A

Less than 1 second

118
Q

True or False:

STSS has a limitless capacity

A

True

119
Q

How does info come into the STSS

A

Exactly as it is (there is no manipulation)

120
Q

True or False:

The most useful stimuli is sent to STM

A

True

121
Q

True or False:

Info that is sent to STM is meaningful

A

True

122
Q

What 2 problems may occur in short term sensory store

A
  1. Not enough info moves forward

2. Too much info moves forward (sensory overload)

123
Q

True or False:

Active thinking and problem solving occur in STM

A

True

124
Q

True or False:

STM loses info rapidly unless rehearsed

A

True

125
Q

How quickly does STM lose info

A

30-60 seconds

126
Q

What is the limited capacity of STM

A

7 +/- items

127
Q

How do you make up for the limited capacity for STM

A

By chunking

128
Q

What is chunking

A

Grouping items into a mechanism that makes sense

129
Q

True or False:

STM has abstract coding

A

True

130
Q

What is abstract coding

A

Individual coding relative to meaning per person

131
Q

What are the critical phases to have effective working memory (3)

A
  1. Getting info in correctly
  2. Handling info appropriately
  3. Moving info correctly from STM to LTM
132
Q

What does encoding effectively require

A

There to be meaning behind the info

133
Q

What happens in STM (3)

A
  1. Info from STSS is stored for processing
  2. Info from LTM is retrieved for processing and joined with STSS info to create action plan
  3. Info is sent to LTM
134
Q

True or False:

STM is closely related to response selection stage of IP

A

True

135
Q

True or False:

Practiced items are protected and more permanently placed in LTM

A

True

136
Q

True or False:

LTM has a limitless capacity and duration

A

True

137
Q

What are the 2 types of LTM

A
  1. Explicit memory

2. Implicit memory

138
Q

What are the 2 types of explicit memory

A
  1. Episodic

2. Semantic

139
Q

What is semantic memory

A

Storage of facts and info

140
Q

What is episodic memory

A

Recalling from a certain event

141
Q

What is explicit memory

A

conscious recall of facts/knowledge of associations (people, places, things) and verbal expression, writing down of ideas and describing details (short answer on a test)

142
Q

What is implicit memory

A

Automatic, habitual due to high repetition of prior experience and does not require conscious strategy to retrieve info

143
Q

True or False:

The majority of motor skills lie in implicit memory

A

True

144
Q

What is another name for explicit memory

A

Declarative memory

145
Q

Is explicit memory something well learned or not well learned

A

Not well learned

146
Q

Is explicit memory the know HOW to or knowing ABOUT

A

Knowing ABOUT

147
Q

Is implicit memory the know HOW to or knowing ABOUT

A

Know HOW to

148
Q

Is implicit memory something that is well learned or not well learned

A

Well learned

149
Q

What is effective use of LTM dependent on (2)

A
  1. Transfer info accurately into LTM

2. Accurately retrieve information

150
Q

How do you transfer info accurately into LTM

A

Encoding info with meaning to the individual allowing for selective encoding

151
Q

How do you accurately retrieve information (2)

A
  1. Advanced organizer

2. Orienting question

152
Q

What is an advanced organizer

A

When teacher tells you to look at something prior to lecture (gives you background of what you are learning

153
Q

What is an orienting question

A

Asking questions to lead person in the direction you want them to go

154
Q

What are the main constructs in preparation for motor learning (3)

A
  1. Information processing
  2. Attention
  3. Memory
155
Q

For an individual to learn or re-learn any given task what needs to exist

A

Plasticity which is a permanent change to the nervous system by formation of new synapses

156
Q

True or False:

Understanding properties of motor learning is essential to being an effective and efficient clinician

A

True

157
Q

Storage duration, type of coding, and capacity of STSS

A

Storage duration: Less than 1 second
Type of coding: Very literal
Capacity: Seemingly limitless

158
Q

Storage duration, type of coding, and capacity of STM

A

Storage duration: 1-60 seconds
Type of coding: More abstract
Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items

159
Q

Storage duration, type of coding, and capacity of LTM

A

Storage duration: Seemingly limitless
Type of coding: Very abstract
Capacity: Seemingly limitless

160
Q

What is the seemingly limitless duration of LTM dependent on

A

Repetition

Motor Control (3 decks)

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