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Clinical Biochem > Plasma Proteins & Enzymes > Flashcards

Plasma Proteins & Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an indicator of Amylase & Lipase ?

A
  • cell damage in pancreatitis
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2
Q

What is Creatine Kinase an indicator of?

A
  • muscle damage
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3
Q

What is Alkaline Phosphatase an indicator of ?

A
  • increases in Cholestatic liver disease
  • also a marker of osteoblast activity in bone disease
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4
Q

What is Gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase an indicator of?

A
  • a sensitive but non-specific marker of liver disease
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5
Q

What is Aspartate Aminotransferase an indictor of?

A
  • hepatocellular damage
  • muscle damage
  • red cell lysis
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6
Q

Where is Alkaline Phosphatase present in the body ?

A
  • Bone, intestine & other tissues
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7
Q

Where is Acid Phosphatase present in the body?

A
  • Prostate
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8
Q

Where is y glutamyl transferase measured in the body?

A
  • Liver
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9
Q

Where is Creatine Kinase present in the body?

A
  • Muscle - including cardiac muscle
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10
Q

Where is Lactate Dehydrogenase present in the body?

A
  • Heart, liver, muscle, RBC
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11
Q

Where is alpha amylase present in the body?

A
  • Pancreas
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12
Q

What can an increase in serum activity indicate ?

A
  • gives an approximation to the extent of cellular damage
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13
Q

What are the main Blood proteins ?

A
  • Albumins = 55%
  • Globulins = 38%
  • Fibrinogen = 7%
  • Regulatory Proteins = <1%
  • Clotting Factors = <1%
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14
Q

What is the normal range for albumins ?

A

34 - 54 g/L

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15
Q

What is the normal range for Globulins ?

A

20 -35 g/L

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16
Q

What is the normal range for Fibrinogen?

A

2-4 g/L

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17
Q

What is the function of Albumins ?

A
  • to create & maintain osmotic pressure
  • transport insoluble molecules
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18
Q

What is the function of Globulins ?

A
  • participates in the immune system
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19
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen ?

A
  • blood coagulation
20
Q

What is the function of regulatory proteins ?

A

regulation of gene expression

21
Q

What is the function of clotting factors ?

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

22
Q

What is the molecular weight of Albumin ?

23
Q

Where is albumin synthesised ?

A

in the liver

24
Q

What is Albumin a part of ?

A
  • Extravascular fluid
  • CSF
  • Urine
  • Amniotic fluid
  • Interstitial fluid
25
What are some properties of Albumin ?
- highly soluble in water - half-life is 15-19 days - maintain colloidal osmotic pressure - can bind & transport a range of molecules
26
What are some examples of molecules albumin can bind to and transport ?
- free fatty acids - amino acids - metallic ions - drugs - hormones - bilirubin
27
Describe Oncotic pressure
- exerted by plasma proteins like albumins - helps push fluid into the blood capillaries & prevent fluid loss - mostly occurs at the venular end
28
Describe Hydrostatic Pressure
- force exerted by fluid present within capillaries against capillary walls - helps push fluid out of the capillaries - helps increases filtration - mostly occurs at the arterial end
29
Define Hypoalbuminaemia
low albumin concentration - may results in oedema
30
What can cause oedema ?
- abnormal distribution - decreased synthesis - dilution due to over hydration - abnormal excretion/degradation
31
Define Abnormal Distribution
- albumin moves into the interstitial space due to increase permeability of the capillary in the acute phase response
32
Why does decreased synthesis of albumin occur ?
- due to advanced liver disease, or malnutrition
33
Why might abnormal excretion/degradation occur?
- burns - haemorrhage - catabolic states - nephrotic syndrome
34
What are Acute Phase Proteins ?
- in times of trauma, stress, tumour growth or inflammatory states the liver increases the synthesis of some proteins - Factor VIII , Ferritin, C-reactive protein --> these are acute phase proteins
35
Define b2-microglobulin
- subunit of human leucocyte antigen on all cell membranes - raised in renal tubular dysfunction
36
Define Caeruloplasmin
- copper transport - reduces in Wilson's disease
37
Define Ferritin
- storage of iron - indication of body iron stores
38
Describe C-reactive protein
- involved in the immune response - increased in acute illness, especially infection
39
Describe Haptoglobin
- binds free haemoglobin - reduced in intravascular haemolysis
40
What are Isoenzymes?
- some enzymes exist in the plasma as 2 different forms - they have different structures but perform the same function - example = Lactate Dehydrogenase
41
Describe Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate testing
- ESR = mm of plasma separated per hour - clinically used as non-specific screening test - not diagnostic of any particular disease but rather an indication that the disease process is ongoing
42
What is the function of ESR?
- detect presence of infection generally in the body - monitor the status of chronic inflammatory disease such as Rheumatoid Arthritis
43
What is the normal range for Total Protein?
60-80 g/L
44
What can an increase/decrease in plasma protein indicate ?
- increase may mean the presence of a paraprotein (myeloma) - decrease is often associated with a decrease in albumin
45
What is the Albumin Determination Principle?
- Albumin at pH 4.2 is sufficiently cationic to bind anionic dye bromocresol green - this forms a blue-green complex - intensity of colour is directly proportional to albumin conc. in specimen
46
Define Myeloma
Malignant proliferation of plasma cell - they produce & secretes antibodies into the plasma
47
Describe the Biuret Test for Proteins
- 2cm^2 of sample to be tested - 1cm ^3 of NaOH added - mixture shook thoroughly - 1% CuSO4 added drop by drop - shaken after each drop - allow mixture to stand for 5m - violet colour = positive result

Clinical Biochem (15 decks)

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