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Clinical Biochem > Plasma Proteins & Enzymes > Flashcards

Plasma Proteins & Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an indicator of Amylase & Lipase ?

A
  • cell damage in pancreatitis
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2
Q

What is Creatine Kinase an indicator of?

A
  • muscle damage
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3
Q

What is Alkaline Phosphatase an indicator of ?

A
  • increases in Cholestatic liver disease
  • also a marker of osteoblast activity in bone disease
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4
Q

What is Gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase an indicator of?

A
  • a sensitive but non-specific marker of liver disease
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5
Q

What is Aspartate Aminotransferase an indictor of?

A
  • hepatocellular damage
  • muscle damage
  • red cell lysis
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6
Q

Where is Alkaline Phosphatase present in the body ?

A
  • Bone, intestine & other tissues
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7
Q

Where is Acid Phosphatase present in the body?

A
  • Prostate
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8
Q

Where is y glutamyl transferase measured in the body?

A
  • Liver
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9
Q

Where is Creatine Kinase present in the body?

A
  • Muscle - including cardiac muscle
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10
Q

Where is Lactate Dehydrogenase present in the body?

A
  • Heart, liver, muscle, RBC
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11
Q

Where is alpha amylase present in the body?

A
  • Pancreas
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12
Q

What can an increase in serum activity indicate ?

A
  • gives an approximation to the extent of cellular damage
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13
Q

What are the main Blood proteins ?

A
  • Albumins = 55%
  • Globulins = 38%
  • Fibrinogen = 7%
  • Regulatory Proteins = <1%
  • Clotting Factors = <1%
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14
Q

What is the normal range for albumins ?

A

34 - 54 g/L

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15
Q

What is the normal range for Globulins ?

A

20 -35 g/L

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16
Q

What is the normal range for Fibrinogen?

A

2-4 g/L

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17
Q

What is the function of Albumins ?

A
  • to create & maintain osmotic pressure
  • transport insoluble molecules
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18
Q

What is the function of Globulins ?

A
  • participates in the immune system
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19
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen ?

A
  • blood coagulation
20
Q

What is the function of regulatory proteins ?

A

regulation of gene expression

21
Q

What is the function of clotting factors ?

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

22
Q

What is the molecular weight of Albumin ?

A

66.5 kDa

23
Q

Where is albumin synthesised ?

A

in the liver

24
Q

What is Albumin a part of ?

A
  • Extravascular fluid
  • CSF
  • Urine
  • Amniotic fluid
  • Interstitial fluid
25
Q

What are some properties of Albumin ?

A
  • highly soluble in water
  • half-life is 15-19 days
  • maintain colloidal osmotic pressure
  • can bind & transport a range of molecules
26
Q

What are some examples of molecules albumin can bind to and transport ?

A
  • free fatty acids
  • amino acids
  • metallic ions
  • drugs
  • hormones
  • bilirubin
27
Q

Describe Oncotic pressure

A
  • exerted by plasma proteins like albumins
  • helps push fluid into the blood capillaries & prevent fluid loss
  • mostly occurs at the venular end
28
Q

Describe Hydrostatic Pressure

A
  • force exerted by fluid present within capillaries against capillary walls
  • helps push fluid out of the capillaries
  • helps increases filtration
  • mostly occurs at the arterial end
29
Q

Define Hypoalbuminaemia

A

low albumin concentration
- may results in oedema

30
Q

What can cause oedema ?

A
  • abnormal distribution
  • decreased synthesis
  • dilution due to over hydration
  • abnormal excretion/degradation
31
Q

Define Abnormal Distribution

A
  • albumin moves into the interstitial space due to increase permeability of the capillary in the acute phase response
32
Q

Why does decreased synthesis of albumin occur ?

A
  • due to advanced liver disease, or malnutrition
33
Q

Why might abnormal excretion/degradation occur?

A
  • burns
  • haemorrhage
  • catabolic states
  • nephrotic syndrome
34
Q

What are Acute Phase Proteins ?

A
  • in times of trauma, stress, tumour growth or inflammatory states the liver increases the synthesis of some proteins
  • Factor VIII , Ferritin, C-reactive protein –> these are acute phase proteins
35
Q

Define b2-microglobulin

A
  • subunit of human leucocyte antigen on all cell membranes
  • raised in renal tubular dysfunction
36
Q

Define Caeruloplasmin

A
  • copper transport
  • reduces in Wilson’s disease
37
Q

Define Ferritin

A
  • storage of iron
  • indication of body iron stores
38
Q

Describe C-reactive protein

A
  • involved in the immune response
  • increased in acute illness, especially infection
39
Q

Describe Haptoglobin

A
  • binds free haemoglobin
  • reduced in intravascular haemolysis
40
Q

What are Isoenzymes?

A
  • some enzymes exist in the plasma as 2 different forms
  • they have different structures but perform the same function
  • example = Lactate Dehydrogenase
41
Q

Describe Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate testing

A
  • ESR = mm of plasma separated per hour
  • clinically used as non-specific screening test
  • not diagnostic of any particular disease but rather an indication that the disease process is ongoing
42
Q

What is the function of ESR?

A
  • detect presence of infection generally in the body
  • monitor the status of chronic inflammatory disease such as Rheumatoid Arthritis
43
Q

What is the normal range for Total Protein?

A

60-80 g/L

44
Q

What can an increase/decrease in plasma protein indicate ?

A
  • increase may mean the presence of a paraprotein (myeloma)
  • decrease is often associated with a decrease in albumin
45
Q

What is the Albumin Determination Principle?

A
  • Albumin at pH 4.2 is sufficiently cationic to bind anionic dye bromocresol green
  • this forms a blue-green complex
  • intensity of colour is directly proportional to albumin conc. in specimen
46
Q

Define Myeloma

A

Malignant proliferation of plasma cell
- they produce & secretes antibodies into the plasma

47
Q

Describe the Biuret Test for Proteins

A
  • 2cm^2 of sample to be tested
  • 1cm ^3 of NaOH added
  • mixture shook thoroughly
  • 1% CuSO4 added drop by drop
  • shaken after each drop
  • allow mixture to stand for 5m
  • violet colour = positive result

Clinical Biochem (15 decks)

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