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Clinical Biochem > Lipids & Lipoproteins > Flashcards

Lipids & Lipoproteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are some classifications of lipids?

A
  • fatty acids
  • glycerol esters
  • sterols
  • terpenes
  • sphingosine derivatives
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2
Q

What are some examples of fatty acids?

A
  • palmitic
  • linoleic
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3
Q

What are some examples of glycerol esters?

A

triglycerides

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4
Q

What are examples of sterols?

A
  • cholesterol
  • hormones
  • vitamin D
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5
Q

What are some examples of terpenes ?

A
  • vitamins A, E, K
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6
Q

What’s an example Sphingosine derivatives ?

A

Sphingomyelin

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7
Q

What are the routine lipid analysis measurements ?

A
  • total cholesterol
  • HDL cholesterol
  • LDL cholesterol
  • triglycerides
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8
Q

Briefly describe cholesterol

A
  • used for the synthesis of steroid hormone
  • bile acids
  • vitamin D
  • plays a role in membrane properties
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9
Q

Describe Biosynthesis

A
  • occurs in liver/intestine
  • rate limiting step-HMGCoA reductase –> this enzyme inhibited by the statins
  • tightly regulated
  • 70% of circulating cholesterol was synthesised in the liver - not from diet
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10
Q

Describe Chylomicrons

A
  • composed mainly of triacylglycerols
  • these are degraded & fatty acids delivered to the adipose tissues
  • remnant chylomicrons are degraded by liver microsomes
  • repacked as VLDL (very low density Lipoproteins)
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11
Q

Define VLDL

A

Very Low Density Lipoproteins

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12
Q

Describe VLDL

A
  • rich in triacylglycerols - also bound Apolipoprotein CII
  • this protein is involved in activation of lipoprotein lipase
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13
Q

Describe how Lipoprotein Lipase acts

A

lipoprotein lipase -> VLDL –> Glycerol + fatty acids –> adipose tissue

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14
Q

Define IDL

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein
- smaller, more dense version of VLDL particle

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15
Q

How it IDL converted to LDL ?

A
  1. Continuing action of lipoprotein lipase
  2. enrichment of IDL with cholesterol esters from HDL
    - regulated by CETP
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16
Q

Define CETP

A

Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein

17
Q

Describe LDL

A
  • 40% cholesterol esters
  • important for delivering cholesterol to tissues
  • single protein moiety - apolipoprotein B100
18
Q

What does HDL do ?

A

transports cholesterol from dead & apoptotic cells back to the liver
- can also exchange cholesterol with LDL - CETP

19
Q

Why is patient fasting important ?

A
  • essential for triglyceride as this can remain at higher conc. in plasma for several hours after a meal
20
Q

What are some sampling-considerations that should be considered ?

A
  1. change from upright to supine position can reduce cholesterol
  2. prolonged tourniquet application can increase cholesterol from 5-15%
  3. cholesterol is slightly higher in winter than in summer - opposite is true for triglycerides
21
Q

What’s the normal range for cholesterol ?

A

should be less than 5 mmol/L

22
Q

How is LDL cholesterol typically calculated ?

A

Using the Friedwald formula

23
Q

How often should people between 40-75 years old have cholesterol tests?

A

every 5 years

24
Q

How often should you have a cholesterol test if you’re on cholesterol lowering medication?

A

Every 12 months

25
Q

How often should any child with a parent with inherited high cholesterol ?

A

By the age of 10

26
Q

What’s the clinical name for inherited high cholesterol ?

A

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia

27
Q

What are cholesterol values & ratios ?

A
  • Total Cholesterol - >5 mmol/L
  • Non HDL-cholesterol >4 mmol/L
  • LDL- cholesterol >3 mmol/L
28
Q

What are the major non-modifiable risk factors for Atherosclerosis ?

A
  • increasing age
  • male gender
  • family history
29
Q

What are some major modifiable risk factors for Atherosclerosis ?

A
  • hyperlipidemia
  • hypertension
  • smoking
  • diabetes
30
Q

What are some minor modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis ?

A
  • obesity/ inactivity
  • stress
  • alcohol
  • postmenopausal estrogen deficiency
31
Q

What is the consequence of a PCSK9 point mutation ?

A
  • becomes overactive which leads to less receptors being expressed on cell surface
  • no regulation of cells synthesising cholesterol
  • very high plasma conc. of LDL cholesterol
32
Q

What are some theories for Atherosclerosis ?

A
  • Initial Lesions- foam cells & fatty streaks
  • plaque formation
33
Q

What are some consequences of atherosclerosis ?

A
  • myocardial infarction
  • stroke
  • aortic aneurysm
34
Q

When are fatty streaks typically developed ?

A

Age 14/15

Clinical Biochem (11 decks)

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