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Pathology > Plasma Protein Systems > Flashcards

Plasma Protein Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three plasma protein systems?

A

complement, coagulation/clotting, and kinin

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2
Q

What do plasma protein systems do?

A

they’re liver products that circulate in the blood and start enzymatic cascades

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3
Q

What is the benefit of a cascade?

A

amplification of immune response

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4
Q

What are the three complement system pathways?

A

classic (C1), alternate (C3b), lectin (C4)

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5
Q

What is the trigger for classical complement?

A

antibody-antigen complex

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6
Q

What is the trigger for alternative complement?

A

pathogen surface

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7
Q

What is the trigger for lectin complement?

A

mannose binding lectin receptors

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8
Q

What are the three results of complement?

A

inflammation, opsonization, cell death

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9
Q

What are C3a and C5a?

A

anaphylotoxins and chemotactic factors

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10
Q

What does a anaphylotoxin do?

A

promotes mass cell degranulation

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11
Q

What do chemotactic factors do?

A

recruit leukocytes

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12
Q

What is C3b?

A

an opsonin

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13
Q

What is C5b+ C6-9?

A

the membrane attack complex

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14
Q

What is the purpose of opsonization?

A

tagging bacterial surfaces for phagocytes to engulf

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15
Q

What does the membrane attack complex do?

A

creates a pore in the membrane of the pathogen to cause swelling and lysis

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16
Q

What is the activation disorder of complement?

A

recurrent infections, esp bacterial

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17
Q

What is the inhibitory disorder of complement?

A

hereditary angioedema

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18
Q

What is the coagulation system triggered by?

A

endothelial damage and bleeding

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19
Q

What is the intrinsic coagulation pathway triggered by?

A

vascular damage and platelets

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20
Q

What is the extrinsic coagulation pathway triggered by?

A

external damage and tissue factor

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21
Q

What does the coagulation system form?

A

a fibrinous meshwork to prevent hemorrhage, trap pathogens, and prepare for repair (contributes to inflammation)

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22
Q

T/F fibrin is a soluble protein

A

false, fibrin is insoluble but fibrinogen is soluble

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23
Q

What is the kinin system activated by?

A

bleeding

24
Q

T/F the kinin system is pro-inflammatory

A

true

25
Q

What is bradykinin?

A

slower version of histamine, vasodilation, pain, smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte chemotaxis

26
Q

What is the kinin cascade?

A

prekallikrein to kallikrein which transforms kininogen to bradykinin

27
Q

What are cytokines?

A

soluble factors produced by cellular mediators of inflammation ex: interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor alpha

28
Q

What does it mean that cytokines are pleiotropic?

A

effect depends on which cells are activated, development maturation localization and activation of immune cells

29
Q

T/F cytokines only have distant targets

A

false, both local and distant targets

30
Q

What are interleukins?

A

a macrophage and lymphocyte product that is chemotactic and activates the adaptive immune response aka lymphocytes

31
Q

What is IL-1?

A

pro-inflammatory, endogenous pyrogen, chemotaxis, leukocytosis (induces WBC)

32
Q

What is IL-10?

A

anti-inflammatory, inhibits lymphocyte growth and macrophage activity

33
Q

What is an interferon?

A

produced by virus-infected cells, macrophages and lymphocytes as a response to double stranded RNA of virus

34
Q

What does an interferon do?

A

induces non-specific antiviral response and increases macrophage activity

35
Q

What is TNF alpha?

A

molecule produced by macrophages and mast cells in response to pathogen associated molecular patterns

36
Q

What does TNF alpha do?

A

increases endothelial adhesion molecules (which leads to diapedesis) and macrophage activity

37
Q

What is the effect of TNFa short term?

A

induces fever and increases plasma protein system production from the liver

38
Q

What is the effect of TNFa long term?

A

promotes cachexia (wasting) and intravascular thrombosis

39
Q

What two ways is inflammation terminated?

A

removal of an offending agent or checks and balances

40
Q

What are some things that check inflammation?

A

short life span of neutrophils, inflammatory mediators degrade rapidly, anti-inflammatory cytokines are produced (IL10)

41
Q

What are four outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

complete resolution, scarring, abscess formation, progression to chronic

42
Q

What is complete resolution?

A

structural and functional recovery

43
Q

What is scarring?

A

substantial damage to connective tissue

44
Q

What is abscess formation?

A

pus confined in a closed space with active proteases producing fluid and increasing pressure, usually must drain

45
Q

What is progression to chronic inflammation?

A

body cannot remove offending agent, persistent bacteria/toxin or autoimmune disease

46
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

2 weeks or longer often related to an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response

47
Q

What are causes of chronic inflammation?

A

high lipid and wax content of microorganism (tuberculosis), ability to survive inside the macrophage (chlamydia), toxins and chemical irritants (alcohol), physical irritants (punctal plug), particulate matter (asbestos)

48
Q

What happens during chronic inflammation?

A

dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, fibrosis, angiogenesis, granuloma formation

49
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

thickening and scarring of connective tissue, fibrin

50
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

production of new blood vessels, VEGF

51
Q

What does a granuloma do?

A

wall off the offending agent with collagen

52
Q

What foreign bodies result in granulomas?

A

splinters, sutures, silica, asbestos

53
Q

What microorganisms form granulomas?

A

tuberculosis, syphilis, and histoplasmosis (chickens)

54
Q

What characterizes acute inflammation?

A

rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, neutrophils, vascular damage, exudation and little or no fibrosis

55
Q

What characterizes chronic inflammation?

A

fewer classical signs, lymphocytes fibroblast and macrophages, neo-vascularization, less exudation or none, prominent fibrosis

56
Q

What are examples of chronic inflammatory disease conditions?

A

alzheimer’s, atherosclerosis, cancer, arthritis, colitis, eczema, psoriasis, infection, diabetes

Pathology (3 decks)

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