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Pathology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of the immune system?

A

to have cells, structures and processes that protect our body/health

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2
Q

What is an immune response?

A

coordinated reaction to an antigen or pathogen

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3
Q

Define pathogen and give examples

A

a microorganism that can cause disease ex: virus bacteria fungus protozoa helminth

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4
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any substance that elicits an immune response end or exo aka proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

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5
Q

What are antigen examples?

A

surface proteins on a pathogen, non infectious environmental agents (pollen and food), and clinical products like drugs, vaccines and transplant issues

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6
Q

What are four immune system functions

A

prevents infection and cell injury, distinguishes self from nonself, destroys infected and malignant cells, and initiates repair

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7
Q

What are components of a normal immune response?

A

pruritus (itch), malaise, anorexia, limited collateral damage of normal tissue

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8
Q

What are examples of an abnormal immune response?

A

immune deficiencies, hypersensitivities and autoimmune disorders

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9
Q

Which immune response is rapid?

A

nonspecific

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10
Q

What are aspects of nonspecific immune response?

A

barriers, cytokines, complement, phagocytosis and inflammation

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11
Q

What are aspects of specific immune response?

A

cell-mediated immunity and antibody mediated

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12
Q

What are the three lines of defense for an eye infection?

A

prevent injury/infection, inflammation, adaptive immune response

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13
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

immunity present at birth, rapid, nonspecific, activates inflammation and the adaptive immune response

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14
Q

What are physical barriers?

A

tight junctions preventing entry, temperature, epithelial turnover

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15
Q

What is the epithelial turnover of the cornea, gut, and skin?

A

c-7 days g- 5 days s-2 weeks

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16
Q

What are mechanical barriers?

A

blinking, coughing/sneezing, mucociliary escalator, swallowing, GI peristalsis, vomiting, defecation, urination, ejaculation

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17
Q

What are biochemical barriers?

A

secretions and synthesized materials and normal bacterial flora (commensal)

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18
Q

What are examples of secretions?

A

tears, gastric juices, mucus, sweat, sebum, earwax, saliva

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19
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

inflammation, still innate, responds rapidly and nonspecifically, vascular and cellular responses

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20
Q

What causes inflammation?

A

activation of immune system components, mast cell degranulation, cellular injury

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21
Q

What are the goals of inflammation?

A

limit infection and further damage, control bleeding, interact with adaptive immune system, prepare the area of injury for healing, and limit and control the inflammatory process

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22
Q

What are systemic manifestations of inflammation?

A

fever, increased pulse and blood pressure, leukocytosis, increased plasma protein synthesis, cytokine effects

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23
Q

What is calor?

A

heat, blood at body core temp enters site

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24
Q

What is rubor?

A

redness, influx of RBCs to area

25
Q

What is tumor?

A

swelling, fluid entering tissues

26
Q

What is dolor?

A

pain, inflammatory mediators sensitize nerve endings

27
Q

What is functio laesa?

A

loss of function, a secondary effect of inflammation from swelling/pain

28
Q

What is the vascular response?

A

deliver fluid to area of injury with WBCs and immune components, dilutes pathogen at injury site, provides nutrients and oxygen for immune cells and wound repair

29
Q

What are the steps in the vascular response?

A

brief vasoconstriction, mast cells release histamine, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, exudation of fluid and cells

30
Q

What are the four times of exudate?

A

serous, fibrinous, purulent, and hemorrhagic

31
Q

What is serous exudate?

A

watery, indicates early inflammation, common with blister or central serous chorioretinopathy

32
Q

What is fibrinous exudate?

A

thick, clotted, indicates more advanced stage of inflammation, may scar

33
Q

What is purulent exudate?

A

pus, indicates a bacterial infection and neutrophil action

34
Q

What is hemorrhagic exudate?

A

contains blood, indicates vascular disease like diabetic ret

35
Q

What conditions of the eye cause inflammation?

A

hordeolum, dry eye, conjunctivitis, trauma, ocular rosacea, burns, scleritis and retinitis

36
Q

What are cellular mediators of inflammation?

A

mast cells, NK cells, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells lymphocytes

37
Q

What are cellular mediators of inflammation activated by?

A

plasma protein system products, inflammatory cell secretions, microbial molecules, debris from cellular destruction, endothelial surface changes

38
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors?

A

on the surface of resident and circulating immune cells. recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns on pathogens and recognize cellular debris

39
Q

What is mannose?

A

a large carbohydrate molecules on bacterial cells identified by PRRs

40
Q

Are PRRs specific or nonspecific immunity?

A

nonspecific

41
Q

What are the four steps of phagocytic mobilization?

A

margination, adherence, diapedesis, chemotaxis

42
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A

opsonization, recognition, and adherence… engulfment and phagosome formation with fusion of lysosomal granules to destroy the target

43
Q

What things are present in lysosomal granules?

A

ROS, lactoferrin, defensins, lactic acid

44
Q

What are mast cells?

A

key initiator of inflammatory (pro-inflammatory) and immune response located in loose connective tissue in high risk areas of the body

45
Q

What are mast cells stimulated by?

A

pathogens, allergens, physical injury, chemical agents

46
Q

What do mast cells cause?

A

immediate degranulation and delayed synthesis

47
Q

What are the two mast cell degranulation products?

A

histamine and chemotactic factors

48
Q

What is histamine?

A

vasoactive amine causing vasodilation, increased glandular production and stimulating the CNS

49
Q

What are chemotactic factors?

A

chemical that induce movement, neutrophil factors and eosinophil factor of anaphylaxis

50
Q

What are the two mast cell synthesis products?

A

leukotrienes and prostaglandins

51
Q

What are leukotrienes?

A

products of the arachidonic acid cascade, similar effect to histamine in later stages

52
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

induce pain, have pro and anti inflammatory properties for checks and balances

53
Q

Explain mast cells in atopic individuals

A

mast cells are more numerous and more easily activated (increased susceptibility) with a higher number of antigen receptors

54
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

recognize and eliminate virus infected cells and cancer cells, release perforin and granzyme for degranulation and apoptosis

55
Q

What do platelets do?

A

contribute to clot formation, multiple triggers, degranulate upon activation, contribute to wound healing, are pro and anti inflammatory

56
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

polymorphonuclear, early responder in inflammation, ingest bacteria dead cells and debris, dysfunction increases risk of bacterial infection

57
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

mildly phagocytic, defend against parasites, implicated in allergies and asthma, regulate vascular mediators (vasodilation regulation)

58
Q

What are monocytes?

A

produced in bone marrow, mature and replicate at inflammatory site, are macrophages in tissues, ingest bacteria and cellular debris, contribute to activation of adaptive immune system, initiate wound healing

59
Q

What cells are prominent in chronic inflammation?

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

Pathology (3 decks)

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