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Pathology > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are two characteristics that affect cell stress?

A

dose intensity and cell vulnerability

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2
Q

What are the three cellular responses to injury?

A

adaptation, injury, cell death

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3
Q

T/F cell injury is irreversible

A

false there is a point of no return

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4
Q

What are four mechanisms by which cell injury occurs>

A

decreases ATP production, membrane damage, cytoskeleton damage, DNA damage/accumulation of misfolded proteins

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5
Q

What does DNA damage typically result in?

A

cell death, apoptosis

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6
Q

What are examples of reversible cell injuries?

A

ATP decreases, early structural changes, cytoplasmic swelling, vacuolation

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7
Q

What are examples of irreversible cell injuries?

A

changes in nucleus- pyknosis, karyrehxis, karyolysis, cell membrane rupture

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8
Q

What does the speed through the course of injury depend on?

A

stress, injury, intensity, severity

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9
Q

How does cytoplasm swelling occur?

A

less oxygen to the cell, ATP production decreases, Na/K pump function decreases, water fills the cell

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10
Q

T/F irreversible cell injury is visible with light microscopy?

A

true

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11
Q

What are the causes of cell injury?

A

hypoxia/anoxia, free radicals, toxins, infection, immunologic or inflammatory responses, genetic and metabolic disturbances, traumatic injury

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12
Q

What the most common cause of cell injury?

A

hypoxia

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13
Q

What are the two kinds of hypoxic injury/which is more common?

A

ischemic/anoxic and anemic… more common=ischemic

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14
Q

What are examples of anemic hypoxia?

A

sickle cell, carbon monoxide poisoning

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15
Q

Where are reactive oxygen species generated?

A

internally (mitochondria and some immune cells) and externally

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16
Q

What are the two forms of reactive oxygen species?

A

radical and non radical

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17
Q

What neutralizes reactive oxygen species?

A

anti-oxidants, produced internally or eaten

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18
Q

When are more reactive oxygen species produced?

A

with injury and aging

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19
Q

What types of bonds do reactive oxygen species break?

A

covalent bonds

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20
Q

What are radical forms of ROS?

A

forms with an unpaired electron (superoxide and hydroxyl free radical)

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21
Q

What is a non radical ROS?

A

hydrogen peroxide

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22
Q

What are associated injuries of ROS?

A

lipid peroxidation, protein degradation, DNA damage

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23
Q

What are sources of ROS?

A

mitochondria, inflammation, exercise, cigarette smoke, pollution, drugs, pesticides, solvents, reperfusion

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24
Q

What are the two types of toxic injury?

A

direct and indirect

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25
Q

What is a direct toxic injury and example?

A

disruption of cellular function by lead, mercury etc

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26
Q

What is an indirect toxic injury and example?

A

toxic after metabolism by ethanol, ethambutol, cyclosporine

27
Q

What molecules are involved in immunologic and inflammatory injury?

A

phagocytic cells, antibodies, complement, enzymes, free radicals

28
Q

What are genetic and metabolic injuries?

A

acquired or congenital conditions that disrupt normal cell function/metabolism like sickle cell, fatty liver disease, hepatolenticular degeneration, type 2 diabetes mellitus

29
Q

What are four types of traumatic injuries?

A

blunt force, sharp force, penetrating, ionizing

30
Q

What is adaptation?

A

attempt to restore homeostasis, result of altered gene expression

31
Q

What types of stress trigger adaptation?

A

increased metabolic demand, irritation, hormonal, injury, decreased use

32
Q

What is atrophy?

A

decreased cell size

33
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increased cell size, getting swol

34
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

increased cell number

35
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

conversion of one cell type to another

36
Q

T/F dysplasia is a form of adaptation?

A

false

37
Q

What is an example of hyperplasia?

A

calluses

38
Q

What is an example of hypertrophy?

A

bodybuilding

39
Q

What adaptation types does pregnancy cause?

A

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

40
Q

What is an example of atrophy?

A

not using a muscle and losing it

41
Q

What is an example of metaplasia?

A

ectropion, keratinized eyelid

42
Q

What are intracellular and extracellular accumulations as adaptations?

A

water, lipids, cholesterol, calcium, pigments

43
Q

What are the two theories of aging?

A

accumulation of injurious events and genetic controlled program

44
Q

What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

A

necrosis is messy and inflammatory while apoptosis is scheduled cell death of an individual cell

45
Q

What are the five types of necrosis?

A

coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, gangrenous, and fat

46
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands, begins with ischemia, protein denaturation

47
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

neurons and glial cells of the brain, hydrolytic enzymes, may form abscess or cyst

48
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

tuberculosis pulmonary infection, combination of coagulative and liquefactive, also seen in syphilis

49
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis?

A

clinical term: large area of affected tissue, dry vs wet, gas gangrene with anaerobic bacteria

50
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs, action of lipases may cause saponification

51
Q

What is apoptosis and where/when does it occur?

A

programmed cell death, developmentally necessary, ordered cell turnover in the gut skin and cornea, can result from injury as well

52
Q

What is the cause of necrosis and apoptosis?

A

n- exogenous a exo or endo

53
Q

What is the mechanism of necrosis and apoptosis?

A

n-vital process inhibited a-energy dependent with active vital processes

54
Q

What cells are affected with necrosis and apoptosis?

A

n-multiple a-single

55
Q

What is the cell morphology for necrosis and apoptosis?

A

n-swollen and ruptured a-rounded up and fragmented

56
Q

What is the cell membrane condition for necrosis and apoptosis?

A

n-ruptured a-functionally intact

57
Q

What is the outcome of necrosis and apoptosis?

A

n-phagocytosis by neutrophil a-phagocytosis by macrophages

58
Q

What happens with somatic death?

A

sufficient death of cells/tissues of vital organs- heart brain and kidney

59
Q

What is algor mortis?

A

cooling of the body

60
Q

What is livor mortis?

A

pooling of blood

61
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

muscle contraction

62
Q

What happens with death endogenously?

A

postmortem autolysis

63
Q

What happens with death exogenously?

A

putrefaction

Pathology (3 decks)

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