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Cell Biology > Plasma Membrane > Flashcards

Plasma Membrane Flashcards

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1
Q

What does compartmentalizations accomplish?

A

Specialized activities to proceed without external interference
Enables cellular activities to be regulated independently of one another

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2
Q

What does scaffold and barrier do for the plasma membrane? (4)

A
  • allow for fixed location of proteins
  • reduced dependence on random collision
  • barrier can choose which molecules enter/leave the cell
  • specific cellular responses
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3
Q

What about gradients?

A

Transporters allow solutes passage in different ways

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4
Q

What works w/gradients?

A

Passive transport

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5
Q

What works against and makes gradients?

A

Active transport

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of amphipathic membrane lipids?

A
  1. Phosphoglcerides
  2. Sphingolipids
  3. Cholesterol
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7
Q

O blood group

A

Basic oligo no additions

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8
Q

A blood group

A

Addition of N-acetylgalactoseamine GalNAc

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9
Q

B blood group

A

Addition of galactose

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10
Q

AB blood group

A

Addition of both N-acetlgalactoseamine GalNAc and galactose

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Integral
  2. Peripheral
  3. Lipid-anchored
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12
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Transmembrane domain

20 mostly polar amino acids

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13
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Entirely outside

Associate via noncovalent bonds

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14
Q

Lipid-anchored

A

Covalently linked to a lipid

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15
Q

Apical plasma membrane functions

A
  • regulation of nutrition and water intake
  • regulated secretion
  • protection
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16
Q

Lateral plasma membrane functions:

A
  • cell contact and adhesion

- cell communication

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17
Q

Basal membrane functions:

A
  • cell-substratum contact

- generation of ion gradients

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18
Q

What are the 4 basic types of transport?

A
  1. Passive
  2. Nonmediated (diffusion, pore)
  3. Transporter
  4. Active Transport
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19
Q

What are the requirements for passive diffusion?

A

Materials must be

  • very small
  • not charged (polar is fine)
  • move down the concentration gradient
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20
Q

Define Osmosis?

A

Water moves from lower solute to higher solute

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21
Q

Define Hypotonic

A

Water move net inward the cell swells

Less solute

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22
Q

Define Hypertonic

A

Water moves net outward the cell shrinks

More solutes

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23
Q

Define Isotonic

A

No net movement

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of ion transporters?

A
  1. Voltage-gated
  2. Ligand-gated
  3. Mechano-gated
25
Q

Voltage-gated

A

Allow diffusion in response to electrical changes

26
Q

Ligand-gated:

A

Allow diffusion in response to binding of a particular molecule

27
Q

Mechano-gated:

A

Allow diffusion in response to changes in shape due to physical stress
I.E. Hair cells of the inner ear responding to physical sound wave impacts

28
Q

Facilitated diffusion:

A
  • energy comes from concentration gradient
  • allows direct transfer across membrane
  • works for larger molecules
  • rate increases
29
Q

Active Transport:

A

-required to move materials agains concentration gradients
-ATP for energ
I.E. Na+/K+ Transporter (moves 3 sodium a and 2 potassiums agains their gradients)

30
Q

Co-transport:

A

Form of active transport but energy comes from a gradient rather than ATP hydrolysis
Could be antiport/symport
Ion flows down a concentration gradient
Molecule of interest flows against the concentration gradient

31
Q

Antiport means

A

Opposite directions

32
Q

Symport means

A

Same direction

33
Q

Cystic Fibrosis is what?

A

A failure of ion transfer that results in the lungs not maintaining proper hydration which allows bacteria to establish on lung epithelium which leads to chronic infections.

34
Q

Na+/Glucose symport:

A

Sodium transported down gradient

Glucose co-transported against gradient

35
Q

What distinguishes sphingolipids from phosphoglycerides?

A

The absence of glycerol

36
Q

What is true of cholesterol?

A

It is important for human life

It changes the fluidity of the plasma membrane

37
Q

This protein is non-covalently associated w/the plasma membrane and/or other membrane proteins. What membrane protein am I?

A

Peripheral membrane protein

38
Q

The enzyme desaturase increases activity on the fatty acids in the lipid bilateral. What is the expected result in fluidity?

A

Fluidity will increase due to loss of packing due to loss of kings from the actions of the desaturase

39
Q

A red blood cell is place in a hypertonic solution. What is the expected result?

A

Water will exit the red blood cell and the cell will shrink

40
Q

What type of transporter contributes to hearing due to the impact of sound waves?

A

Mechano-gated

41
Q

What contributes to the infection in a CF patient?

A

CFTR fails to transport Cl- out of the epithelial cells in the lung, therefore water does not diffuse out of the cell allowing the lung surface to dehydrate. Pathogenic bacteria are able to for a biofilm.

42
Q

What is meant by the plasma membrane being a scaffold?

A

Allows for fixed position of proteins

43
Q

A membrane fatty acid that lacks double bonds is considered __________.

A

Saturated

44
Q

Aquatic plants living in freshwater are surrounded by a hypotonic environment. Water flows into the cells, creating a __________ pressure. If the plant is placed in a hypertonic solution, such as seawater, the cell loses water, and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall, causing plants to wilt. This process is known as _________.

A

Turgor; plasmolysis

45
Q

In 1957, an ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme in the nerve cells of a crab was discovered to be the same enzyme responsible for the active transport of two ions in the human body. Which ions?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

46
Q

Careful examination of a synapse reveal that two cells do not make direct contact but are separated from each other by a narrow gap (synaptic cleft) of about ____________.

A

20 to 50nm

47
Q

Qualification must be met before a molecule can diffuse possible across a plasma membrane. What are these qualifications?

A

Material must be small

Material must be hydrophobic

48
Q

Protein conduits in the membrane that are permeable to specific ions are known as __________.

A

Ion channels

49
Q

What is true of cystic fibrosis?

A

70% do alleles responsible for CF contain the same genetic alteration. (DeltaF508)
CF heterozygous may be protected from cholera and typhoid fever
Most common ion channel disorder
Gene responsible for CF was isolated in 1989

50
Q

Which property of the plasma membrane plays a critical roles in signal transduction?

A

Response to stimuli

51
Q

What prevents digestive enzymes from digesting anything and everything in the cell?

A

Compartmentalization

52
Q

This protein was discovered when it was shown that certain membrane proteins could be related to phospholipase that specifically recognized and cleaned inositol containing phospholipids. A rare type of anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, results from deficiency of this protein and makes red blood cells susceptible to lysis. What protein is it?

A

GPI-anchored

53
Q

Looking at blood groups, the basic oligo w/only galactose added will yield which blood type?

A

B

54
Q

Using a freeze fracture technique, the picture viewed under the electron microscopes revealed a specific transmembrane domain w/20 nonpolar amino acid peptide sequences. What are we looking at?

A

An integral membrane protein

55
Q

In the lumen of your small intestine, the Na+/glucose symport moves sodium and glucose in the same direction working to get energy w/Na+/K+ active pump. What specific method of transport is used?

A

Co-transport

56
Q

An ___________ at one site on the membrane depolarizers an adjacent region of the membrane, triggering this agains a second site. It can flow in the forward direction because the portion of the membrane remains in a refractory period.

A

Action potential

57
Q

Smokers bodies become accustomed to high levels of nicotine, and they experience symptoms of withdrawal when they stop smoking because the postsynaptic neurons that possess ___________ are no longer stimulated at their usual level. The drug Chantix, acts by binding to the most common version of this receptor. Once bound, Chantix molecules partially stimulate the receptor while preventing binding of nicotine.

A

nAChRs receptor

58
Q

Without ________, plasma membranes would be too fluid, not firm enough, and to permeable to some molecules.

A

Cholesterol

59
Q

What are the 7 functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Compartmentalizations
  2. Biochemical event scaffold
  3. Selectively permeable barrier
  4. Substance transport
  5. Response to stimuli
  6. Intercellular communication
  7. Energy transduction

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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