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Cell Biology > Chapter 2 - Bonds > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Bonds Flashcards

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1
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

92

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2
Q

What is the most abundant substance in the cell?

A

Water

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3
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Thymine
Uracil
Cystine

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4
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

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5
Q

Which type of bond has pair of electrons that are shared between pairs of atoms?

A

Covalent bonds

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6
Q

What is the major component of plant cell walls?

A

cellulose

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7
Q

What term is used to describe the expanding field of protein biochemistry?

A

Proteomics

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8
Q

Chemically what can cause water to be excluded from a region what is this called?

A

-lack of free tumble of water molecules (entropy)
-lack of hydrogen bond forming opportunities (enthalpy)
Hydrophobic effect

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9
Q

When two specie associate due to charge neutralization what is this called?

A

Electrostatic interaction

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10
Q

Two carbon atoms are very close together, and as such the nucleus of one atom is attracted to the electron cloud of the neighboring atom?

A

Van Der Waal

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11
Q

What are the main elements of life? (5)

A
  • hydrogen
  • carbon
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • sulfur
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12
Q

What is a polar bond?

A

A covalent bond where the electrons are shared unequally

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13
Q

Why are weak bonds so important? (4)

A
  • they can be formed/broken without huge changes in energy
  • they are strong in large numbers
  • they allow for small/temporary changes in structure
  • they provide a degree of stability in structure
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14
Q

What is the monomeric form of a protein?

A

Amino Acid

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15
Q

What is the storage form of glucose in animal cells?

A

Glycogen

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16
Q

What are the functions of sugars? (5)

A
  • production/storage of energy
  • cell walls
  • Extracellular matrix
  • DNA/RNA
  • linked to proteins
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17
Q

How are fatty acid monomers held together?

A

Hydrophobic effect

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18
Q

What does amphipathic mean? Give an example of a molecule.

A

-a molecule that can associate w/hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials
I.E. Phospholipids

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19
Q

What drives the formation of the secondary structure of a peptide chain?

A

Hydrogen bond formation between backbone atoms

20
Q

What is the single letter code for tryptophan?

A

W

21
Q

In a water molecule the bond between hydrogen and oxygen is best described as a?

A

Polar Covalent Bond

22
Q

When sodium and chlorine interact, the single electron in the outer shell of each sodium atom migrates to the electronegative chlorine atom. As a result these two atoms are transformed into charged _______.

A

Ions

23
Q

_________ are extremely reactive and capable of chemically altering many types of molecules, including proteins, Nucleic acids, and lipids.

A

Radicals

24
Q

What are considered a prion disease?

A
  • BSE
  • Kuru
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
25
Q

What are the reasons protein folding is a controversial topic?

A
  • debates as to whether or not all of them are members of a population of unfolded proteins of a single species fold along a similar pathway or fold by means of a diverse set of routes that somehow converge upon some naive state.
  • debates among the types of events that occur at various stage during the following process
  • different interpretation of results that are required to study complex molecular events that occur on the microsecond timescale
26
Q

Which level of protein organization describes the conformation of portions of the polypeptide chain?

A

Secondary

27
Q

How many acids are incorporated into a protein encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA?

A

20

28
Q

Some proteins fold into their final confirmation by themselves; others require assistance of nonspecific _________, which prevent aggregation of partial folded intermediates.

A

Chaperones

29
Q

A gram of fat contains ______ the energy content of a gram or carbohydrate.

A

6 times

30
Q

Water is an excellent solvent capable of forming hydrogen bonds w/virtually all_______ molecules.

A

Polar

Ionic

31
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A transfer of electrons (NaCl)

32
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electrons (H2O)

33
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

2 electronegative atoms attempting to share a positively charged ion between them

34
Q

What are electrostatic bonds?

A

Regions of positive charge interactions with a negative charge

35
Q

What is a Van Der Waals interaction?

A

Unshielded nucleus of an atom is attracted to the electron cloud of a nearby atom

36
Q

What are the properties of water? (3)

A
  • highly asymmetric
  • highly polarized covalent bonds
  • oxygen is adept at forming hydrogen bonds
37
Q

What are the fates of the 4 major families of organic molecules?

A

Sugars become polysaccharides
Fatty Acids become fats/lipids/membranes
Amino acids become proteins
Nucleotides become Nucleic acids

38
Q

What are the function of fats? (5)

A
  • production and storage of energy
  • cell membranes
  • cell signaling
  • steroids
  • signal transduction
39
Q

What are the function of amino acids?

A
  • generation of proteins

- energy source

40
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The bond that joins amino acids to a polypeptide chain. They result from the linkage of the carboxylic group of one amino acid group to the amino group of its neighbor w/the elimination of a molecule of water.

41
Q

What is a primary protein?

A

-protein described by the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

42
Q

What is a secondary protein?

A

The 3D structures of the sections of the polypeptide backbone (alpha helix, beta sheet, random coil)

43
Q

What is a tertiary protein?

A

The conformation of the entire polypeptide (helices, sheets and coils that fold together)

44
Q

What is a quaternary protein?

A

Arrangement of subunits

45
Q

Why is the primary structure of protein tertiary?

A
  • it is the most accessible structure w/lowest energy

- most thermodynamically stable

46
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides? (5)

A
  • DNA (A,G,C,T)
  • RNA (A,G,C,U)
  • carries chemical energy (ATP)
  • signaling molecules
  • coenzymes
47
Q

The properties of cells and their organelles derive directly from the activities of the _______ of which they are composed.

A

Molecules

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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