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Human Biology > Plasma Membrane > Flashcards

Plasma Membrane Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the structure of cell membrane?

A
  • Phospholipids (75%) – main component
  • Cholesterol (20%) – attached between phospholipids and between
    layers
  • Polar Glycolipids in the external layer (5%)
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2
Q

What is cholestrol and what is it derived from?

A

Steroid lipid
derived from squalene

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3
Q

What is membrane fluidity important for?

A

Movement of membrane components required for cell
movement, growth, division, secretion and the formation of cellular junctions

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4
Q

What does cholestrol do to the first few hydrocarbon groups of phospholipids?

A

Immobilises them

This makes the lipid bilayer less deformable and decreases its permeability to small
water-soluble molecules

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5
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A lipid covelantly bonded to an oligosaccharide - form glycocalyx

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6
Q

What is the function of a Glycocalyx?

A
  • Required for detection of ‘self’ in immunity
  • Aids in cell- cell adhesion
  • Makes RBCs slippery and protects the GI from drying out
  • Plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many vascular
    diseases (e.g., diabetes, atherosclerosis, and sepsis)
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7
Q

What are the 4 different types of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Transporters
  2. Anchors
  3. Receptors
  4. Enzymes
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8
Q

What is the phopholipd bilayer permeable to?

A

non-polar molecules like O2 and C02

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9
Q

What is the phospholipd bilayer impermeable to?

A

Ions and large molecules like Na+ and glucose

Slightly permeable to small uncharged polar molecules - eg. water

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10
Q

What is passive transport and what are the 2 types?

A

Transport that requires no energy going down concentration gradient

  1. Diffusion through lipid bilayer
  2. Channel/carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
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11
Q

What do diabetic patients lack ability to regulate?

A

GLUT

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12
Q

Osmosis is a type of what?

A

Facilitated diffusion

(water passes through aquaporin protein channels)

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport?

A
  • Primary active transport (uses
    energy from the hydrolysis of ATP)
  • Secondary active transport (uses
    energy stored by an ionic
    concentration gradient) - co transport

Transport charged ions against conc gradient

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14
Q

What is symport?

A

Where molecules in co-transport travel in the same direction (used for Ca2+ regulation and H+ regulation)

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15
Q

What is antiport?

A

Where molecules go in opposite directions in co-transport

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A
  1. Receptor mediated endocytosis
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Pinocytosis
17
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis used for?

A

The uptake of LDL, some vitamins, proteins and hormones

Clathrin is a protein for
enriching membrane
domains

18
Q

What is phagocytosis carried out by?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
19
Q

What is Pinocytosis (to drink)?

A
  • Small droplets of extracellular fluid are taken in
  • No receptors are needed
  • All solutes in the extracellular fluid are brought in (non-
    selective)
20
Q

Where does Pinocytosis occur?

A

In most cells but especially absorptive cells in the intestines and kidney

21
Q

What is exocytosis very important in?

A
  • Secretory cells (digestive enzymes and hormones)
  • Nerve cells (neurotransmitters)
22
Q

What is trancytosis?

A
  • Combination of endo and exocytosis
  • Substances are passed through a cell
  • Is common in endothelial cells which line the blood vessels
23
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Junction that prevents anything passing through the extra cellular
space between them.

E.g. cells lining the digestive tract.

24
Q

What are adherens junctions?

A
  • Plaque which attaches to
    membrane proteins and
    the microfilaments of
    the cytoskeleton
  • Often form adhesion
    belts that resist seperation during contraction and maintain cellular position
25
Q

What are Desmosomes and Hemidesmosomes?

A

Anchoring junctions that distribute tension and prevent tearing.

(held together by linker protein filaments called cadherins or integrins extending from button like thickenings called plaques)

26
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Junctions that create gaps that connect animal cells

Found in electrically excitable tissues for synchronization e.g. heart and smooth muscle

Human Biology (7 decks)

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