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Human Biology > Carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are carbs?

A

sugars, starches and fibres found in grains, fruits, vegitables and dairy products

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2
Q

What are the most abundant biochemical molecules in nature?

A

carbohydrates - very structurally diverse

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3
Q

What do biological molecules contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

What are carbohydrates aka?

A

saccharides

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5
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates?

A

Provide a rapid and readily available supply of energy

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6
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

2-deoxyribose

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7
Q

What structure do carbs form in DNA double helix?

A

Sugar-phospahte backbone

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8
Q

Where do carbs form markers and what do they do?

A

Forms markers on cell surface
These aid cell recognition

Eg. Blood group markers

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9
Q

What is the carbohydrate classification?

A

Monosaccharide - general formula (CH20)n
Disaccharide - dimer - 2 mononsaccharides
Oligosaccharide - polymer of 3-20 monosacharides
Polysaccharides - polymer of monosaccharide units linked together

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10
Q

Give 4 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Ribose

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11
Q

What is the suffix of a monosaccharide?

A

-ose

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12
Q

What is the range of number of carbon atoms in a monosaccharide?

A

3-10

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13
Q

What functional groups do monosaccharides contain?

A

An aldehyde or ketone

And hydroxyl groups

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14
Q

What is glucose referred as and why?

A

An aldohexose

It contains an aldehyde functional group?

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15
Q

What is fructose referred to as, and why?

A

Ketohexose

Contains a ketone functional group

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16
Q

What are the structural isomers of trioses?

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde (aldehyde)
  2. Dehydroxyacetone (ketone)

Both are C3H603

See slide 14 for structure

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17
Q

What are the 2 hydroxyl group position isomers of glucose?

A

Galactose and mannose

The hydroxyl and hydrogens swap

See slide 15

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18
Q

How do monosaccharides form deoxy?

A

Hydroxyl group is replaced with Hydrogen

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19
Q

What is a sterioisomer?

A

Isomer with same chemical formula, same order and types of bonds BUT are non-overlapping mirrorimages of one another

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20
Q

What are the two differences in sterioisomers?

A
  • Different spatial arrangements
  • Different biological functions
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21
Q

What are the 2 types of steroeisomers?

A

D-isomers and L-isomers

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22
Q

What do stereoisomers require?

A

At least 1 Chiral centre (have 4 different groups attached to it)

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23
Q

How do we know if a sugar is a D or L stereoisomer?

A

D - the OH on the bottom chiral centre points right
L - the OH on the bottom chiral centre points left

(on fisher projections where most oxidised carbon (aldehyde) is at top)

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24
Q

What 2 forms can monosaccharides exist as?

A

Open-chain or ring (cyclic) structure joined by a covalent bond

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25
Q

What is the name of the process where sugars form ring structure?

A

Cyclization

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26
Q

What percentage of monnosaccarides exist as linear and cyclic?

A

Equal

Cyclic form is preferred and predominates in nature

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27
Q

How does a straight chain undego cyclization?

A

OH group on second to last carbon reacts with carbonyl group

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28
Q

What is the name for the cyclic form of a Aldose?

A

Hemiacetal

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29
Q

What is the name of the cyclic form of a ketose?

A

Hemiketal

30
Q

What is the name given to the new isomeric centre formed by cyclization and its isomers?

A

Anomeric Carbon

Isomers - anomers

31
Q

What are the 2 types of anomers?

A

alpha (α-anomers) or beta (β-anomers)

depends on orientation of the hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the anomeric carbon

32
Q

What is the cyclic form of D-glucose called?

A

D-glucopyranose

33
Q

How does D-glucopyranose form form D-glucose?

A

OH group can attack planar C=O group from either side

Thus 2 possible hemiacetal products
= alpha and beta anomers of D-glucopyranose

34
Q

How many energy rich C-H bonds do glucose and fructose have?

A

7

35
Q

Where is fructose found?

A

fruits, honey, berries and melons

36
Q

What structure does fructose form?

A

A furan-based ring structure (furanose = 5 membered
cyclization product) despite being a hexose (=6C)

37
Q

Are monosaccharides or disaccharides for common in nature?

A

Disaccharides

Monosaccharides are rare in nature

38
Q

How does a Disaccharide form?

A

Condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction between two monosaccharides.
O-glycosidic bond is formed and water is eliminated

39
Q

What is sucrose made from?

A

alpha-glucose and beta-fructose

water formed

40
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

41
Q

What is Maltose made from?

A

Two glucose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 4 via an
alpha -1,4 glycosidic link

42
Q

Where is Maltose found?

A

In germinating seeds and grain

43
Q

What does the metabolism of maltose yield?

A

Ethanol and CO2

44
Q

What is lactose made from?

A

Glucose and galactose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 4 via a
beta-1,4 glycosidic link

45
Q

What produces lactose?

A

lactating mammals - as an energy source for their young

46
Q

Where is sucrose abundantly found?

A

In plants/sap especially sugar cane and sugar beet

Sugar used in food

47
Q

What reaction breaks down disaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis - addition of water

Uses specific enzymes found in gut

48
Q

What do organisms convert soluble sugars into their insoluble form for? (3)

A

– For storage in the cell (e.g. starch, glycogen)
– For building structures (e.g. cellulose in plant cell walls)
– For taking part in cellular processes (e.g. generation of
glucose for energy)

49
Q

What vital role do long polysaccarides play?

A
  • Energy storage
  • Structural integrity of an organism
50
Q

What determines the 3D shape and function of a polysaccharide?

A

Glycosidic linkages determine 3D shape
3D shape determines function

51
Q

What are the 2 polysaccharide components of starch?

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

52
Q

What is Amylose?

A

long linear chains of alpha 1,4-linked-D-glucose residues that have a coiled structure

53
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

linear chains of alpha-1,4-linked D-glucose residues joined through alpha-1,6-linked branch points

Has a brush-like structure

54
Q

What are the uses of starch in humans and plants?

A
  • Main dietary source of carbohydrate
  • Main storage polymer in plants
55
Q

Where is starch found in a plant?

A

In amyloplasts and chloroplasts of plant cells from roots, tubers, seeds and fruits

56
Q

What are amyloplasts?

A

non-pigmented plant cell organelles. Responsible for synthesis and storage of starch granules through polymerization of glucose

57
Q

What is starch digested by?

A
  • Amylase in saliva and gut
  • Maltase and isomaltase in gut
    only
58
Q

What is starch digested into?

A

Dextrins (=oligosaccharides), maltotriose, maltose, isomaltose
and ultimately glucose

59
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Complex branched polysaccharide of linear chains of alpha - 1,4-
linked D-glucose residues joined through alpha -1,6-linked branch points

60
Q

How does structure of glycogen and amylopectin differ?

A

Branch points occur more
frequently (every 8-12 residues) in glycogen vs 4-30 in amylopectin

61
Q

As well as in animals, which other organisms is glycogen found in?

A

fungi and bacteria

62
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

In liver and muscle cells

63
Q

How much glycogen does blood typically have at a given time?

A

5-6mM

64
Q

What is cellulose?

A

The major structural polysaccharide of plants

Unbranched homopolymer composed of β-1,4 linked glucose monomers.

65
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Long, straight chains - form rigid fibres, with high tensile strength (due to hydrogen bonding between fibres)

66
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains attached covalently to the
protein structure

67
Q

What do glycosylated membrane proteins play an important role in?

A

Immune recognition

68
Q

What do secreted glycoproteins make up?

A

mucins and the glycocalyx

69
Q

What are glycolipids ?

A

Lipids that contain oligosaccharide chains attached covalently to their lipid structure

70
Q

What are glycoproteins often associated with

A

phospholipids on outer surface of the cell membrane

71
Q

What do glycolipds function as?

A
  • Recognition sites
  • Attachment factors
  • Membrane stabilisers
72
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

A subtype of lipid which include:
- Ceramide (signalling molecule)
- Sphingomyelin (membranes)

Human Biology (7 decks)

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