Plants Flashcards
Flower
The flower is the sexual reproduction organ of the plant
Leaf
Leaf makes food for the plant (photosynthesis), cools the plant when water vapour passes through it. It allows the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Fruit
Protects seeds, provides food for seeds
The bud
Allows new leaves and flowers to grow
Stem
The stem allows the transport of food, water and minerals around the plant, it also supports the plant and holds it upright. Stems store food (e.g potato)
Roots
Anchor and support, they take in water and nutrients, they can also store food (e.g carrots and turnips)
Transport in plants
- Transport in plants: There are vessels in a plant, the xylem and the phloem.
- Water is absorbed up through the roots, and travels to the leaves and the tips of the plant through the xylem.
- Food from the leaves travels to other parts of the plant in the phloem.
Transpiration
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the stomata of the leaves.
The stomata are little holes on the underside of the leaves.
The flow of water from the roots, up through the plant, and out the leaves is called the transpiration stream.
Plant
A stimulus is anything that causes a response in an organism
Plants respond to the stimuli of light and gravity
Shoots tropism and Roots tropism
Shoots tropism: Shoots/stems are positively phototropic, negatively geotropic.
Roots tropism: Roots are negatively phototropic, positively geotropic.
Why is geotropism good?
It makes sure plant roots travel down to find water and minerals in soil.
Having deep roots means the plant is anchored in the soil
Why is phototropism good?
It makes sure plants get enough light for photosynthesis, so that they can make food.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process where green plants make food using light energy.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts in plant cells, it’s a chemical needed for photosynthesis.
Stomata
Are little holes on the underside of the leaves (like human pores)
Male and female cells
Male cells are pollen, female cells are called egg cells
Sepal
Protects the flower before it blooms
Petals
Coloured and scented to attract insects
Male parts
Stamen made up it filament and anther
Filament
Holds up anther
Anther
Makes pollen
Female parts
Carpel, made up of the stigma, style and ovary
Ovary
Makes the egg of ovule (gamete)
Stigma
Pollen lands and sticks to it
Style
Makes a tube for the pollen (male gamete) to travel down to the egg (female gamete)
Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of the pollen from the stamen (anther) of one plant to the carpel (stigma) of another
There are 2 types:
Insect pollination and wind pollination
Fertilisation
Fertilisation is the fusion of the male gamete nucleus with the female gamete nucleus to form a zygote
Zygote
The zygote divides and develops into the plant embryo
Plumule + radicle
The embryo is made up of: The plumule will become the plant shoot. The radicle will become the plant root.
Seed
Fertilised egg
Fruit
Ovary swells to become the fruit
Functions of the fruit
Fruit protects the seed or seeds
Allows seeds to be carried away
Some fruits provide food for the seed to develop
2 types of fruit
Can be fleshy or dry
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal is the way plants spread their seeds around. Seeds need to be carried away from the parent plant so they won’t compete for space, light, water and minerals
Asexual reproduction
Only involves one parent
Bulbs
Tulips and daffodils make bulbs
Cutting
Sometimes if a leaf or a piece of stem from a plant is cut off and planted it can grow into another plant e.g. geraniums.
Grafting
Joining the bud or stem if one plant to another well developed plant e.g. fruit trees
Micropropagation
Tissue culture. A small sample of tissues is taken from a plant and grown in a lab.
