Plants Flashcards
Angiosperms (2 types)
Categorized by number of ___________ which are tissues for ________ of ___________ for developing seedling.
Dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
Cotyledons, storage, nutrition
Leaf venation (2 types)
Netted or parallel organization of veins.
Vascular bundles are made up of ________ and _________ and located in the stems. They can either be ________ or ___________.
Xylem and phloem.
Circular or scattered.
Root (2 types)
- Taproot - large single root
2. Fibrous system (cluster of fine roots)
Seed plants (2 types)
- Gymnosperm (conifer)
2. Angiosperm (flowering)
3 plant tissues
- Dermal tissue
- Ground tissue
- Vascular tissue
Dermal tissue: made up of ________ cells and functions to ______________________. Cells excrete _______.
Epidermis; provide covering; cuticle
Ground tissue: three types differing in ______ _______.
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
Differ in cell wall
Parenchyma cells
- most common of _____ tissue
- have _____ walls
- has various functions such as _______, ________, ________.
Ground
Thin
Storage, photosynthesis, secretion
Collenchyma
- cells of ______ tissue
- has ______ but _______ cell walls.
- its function is to provide ________ ________.
Ground
Thick, flexible
Mechanical support
Sclerenchyma
- cells of ________ tissue.
- have ___________ and ________ cell walls.
- like collenchyma, provides ________ ________.
Ground
Thickest, inflexible
Mechanical support
Vascular tissue: made up of ________ ________ that include the ________ and ________.
Vascular bundle, xylem, phloem
Xylem tissue
- main function is ________
- made up of mostly ________ cells
- has two types of cells
Conduction of water
Dead
Tracheids, vessel elements.
Tracheids
- cells of ________ tissue of vascular bundle
- physically ________ and ________
- has ________ where water passes
Xylem
Long and tapered
Pits (areas with thin or nonexistent secondary cell walls)
Vascular elements/membranes
- cells of ________ that are ________ and ________.
- has ________ that allow ________ water flow.
Xylem, short and wide
Perforations, efficient
Phloem
- part of ________ ________
- main function is ________
- made up of ________ ________
- has ________ and ________ ________
- associated with ________ ________
Vascular bundle Translocation: conduction of sugar Sieve membranes/tubes Pores and sieve plates Companion cells
Seed: consists of ________ ________, ________(for dicots)/________(for monocots), and ________ which is made up of ________, ________, ________, and ________.
Seed coat, cotyledon/endospore, embryo - pumule, epicotyle, hypocotyle, radicle.
Embryo of seed:
- Plumule - ________ ________ at the highest point of an embryo.
- Epicotyle - second highest point of embryo that becomes the ________.
- Hypocotyle - middle point of embryo that also becomes the ________.
- Radicle - lowest point of embryo that becomes the ________.
- Young leaves
- Shoot
- Shoot
- Root
In monocots, a sheath called ________ surrounds and protects the epicotyle, emerging at first as ________ but ultimately becoming a protective sheath.
Coleoptile, leaves
Germination: growth of seed begins with ________ absorption which activates ________ that catalyze ________ ________ such as respiration. ________ absorption also causes the seed to ________ which exposes the ________ that becomes the ________. Next, ________ elongates to become a young ________.
Water, enzymes, biological processes.
Water, crack, radicle, root.
Hypocoptyle, shoot.
3 zones of growth during germination:
- Zone of division - ________ part of root and contains ________ ________ cells that are ________ and divide.
- Zone of elongation - where root grows long.
- Zone of cell maturation/differentiation - ________ cells differentiate.
- Lowest, apical meristemic, undifferentiated
3. Meristemic
Primary growth: development of primary tissue, extends ________ of plants.
Secondary growth: development of secondary tissue, extends ________ of plants.
Length
Girth/width
4 parts to primary structure of roots:
- Epidermis - produce ________ ________ that increase absorption of ________; these are produced at the zone of ________ and eventually die at the zone of ________.
- Cortex - ________ of the root that stores ________ and provide ________ for respiration.
- Endodermis - has ________ which is a ________ substance and a ________-impenetrable barrier.
- Vascular cylinder - also called ________.
- Root hairs, water, elongation, maturation.
- Bulk, starch, spores.
- Suberin, water
- Stele
3 parts of primary structure of stems
- Epidermis - has ________ and provides coverage.
- Cortex - contains ________.
- Vascular cylinder - contains ________, ________, and ________.
- Cuticle
- Chloroplast
- Xylem, phloem, pith
6 parts of secondary structure of stems and roots:
- Periderm
- Cortex
- Phloem
- Vascular cambian
- Xylem (sapwood)
- Xylem (heartwood)
3 parts of the periderm:
- Cork - suberin (fatty substance)
- Cork cambian - produces new cells that are shed off.
- Phelloderm
Vascular cambian is made up of _________ cells that are _________ and produces _________ cells.
Meristemic, undifferentiated, new
Xylem sapwood: _________ over the years and is active in _________ _________.
Xylem heartwood: only function is _________.
Thickens, water transport.
Structure.
_________ of xylem ad result of the cycle between _________ and _________.
Rings, growth and dormancy.
8 basic structures of a leaf:
- Cuticle - barrier to reduce transpiration
- Upper epidermis
- Palisade mesophyll
- Spongy mesophyll - has spaces for CO2
- Vascular bundle - xylem, phloem, bundle sheath cells
- Lower epidermis
- Guard cells
- Stomata
Water transport: water and nutrients enter the plant through its _________ _________ by _________.
Root hairs, osmosis.
Two pathways for water transport:
- Apoplast pathway - nonliving pathway involving water movement through dead cell walls
- Symplast pathway - living pathway involving water movement through cytoplasm and plasmodesmata.
3 mechanisms of water transport
- Osmosis - water is forced up to the xylem by a concentration gradient/root pressure. Guttation describes the droplets of water and nutrients on leaves in the morning.
- Capillary action
- Cohesion/tension theory - reason for most consumption.
Cohesion/tension theory: one of the mechanisms for water transport, has three parts.
- Transpiration - evaporation of water by plants, causing negative pressure.
- Cohesion - water molecules aggregate to form one large polymer
- Bulk flow - evaporation that pulls polymer of water, causing most movement of water through plants.
Control of stomata: stomata is passageway for _________. It is surrounded by _________ _________ that enlarge with _________ consumption.
- Stomata _________ at high temperature.
- Stomata _________ at low CO2 concentration.
- Stomata _________ in morning and _________ at night.
- When stomata opens, _________ diffuse into the guard cells, increase in this ion’s concentration creates a gradient for _________ _________ into _________ _________. Also, the concentration of _________ ion increases to balance the gradient. _________ from ionization of other molecules in the cell also pumped out of the cell to match gradient.
CO2, guard cells, water.
- Close
- Close
- Open, close
- K+, diffusion of water, guard cells. Cl-, H+
Translocation: _________transport by _________ from _________ to _________.
Sugar, phloem, source, sink.
Pressure-flow hypothesis of sugar transport:
- Sugar enters _________ _________ and move by _________ _________.
- _________ enters _________ _________ as a result of concentration gradient created by sugar.
- This pressure moves _________ and _________ from _________to _________.
- Pressure is reduced when _________ is utilized.
- Sieve-tube elements, active transport.
- Water, sieve-tube elements.
- Sugar and water, source to sink.
- Sugar.
5 plant hormones
- Auxin (IAA - indoleacetic acid) - promotes cell growth of by facilitating elongation of developing cells.
- Gibberellins - promotes cell growth by bolting or rapid elongation of stems.
- Cytokinins - promotes cell division, delays senescence (sprayed on cut flower)
- Ethylene - promotes ripening of fruit, inhibits elongation of roots, stems, and leaves. Leaf abscission - aging and dropping of leaves.
- Abscisic acid (ABA) - inhibits growth by maintaining seed dormancy. Counterbalanced by gibberellins.
Plant response to stimuli:
Tropism - _________ _________ in response to stimuli.
3 types of tropism.
Growth patterns
- Phototropism: response to light
- Gravitropism: response to gravity
- Thigotropism: response to touch.
Photoperiodism: plant response to changes in _________ of _________ and _________. Also initiates _________ and involves protein _________.
Length of day and night. Flowering, florgen.
Circadian rhythm:
Endogenous:
Measures day and night lengths.
Possessing internal clock that is not influenced by external cues to reset.
Photochrome: protein modified with a _________-_________ _________ and involved in _________.
Light-absorbing chromophore, photoperiodism.
5 facts of photoperiodism:
- Photochrome far-red (Pfr) resets circadian rhythm.
- Photochrome red (Pr) synthesized in plant leaves.
- Pr converted to Pfr by exposure to far-red light.
- Pfr and Pr are in equilibrium during daytime.
- Pr accumulates at night because no daylight to convert it to Pfr.
