Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY - Cliff > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two phases of cell division?

A

Nuclear Division and Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the types of nuclear division?

A

Mitosis & Meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the first step in both mitosis and meiosis?

A

Condensation of genetic material, chromatin, into chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

identical halves that make up a chromosome - the sister chromatids are joined at the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe interphase of the cell cycle

A

Cell division does not occur here - includes G0, G1, S, G2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does replication and growth take place in the cell cycle?

A

S phase of interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the M Phase of the cell cycle

A

This is where cell division occurs - Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) and Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Condensation - Nucleoli disappear and chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down and mitotic spindle is formed. Microtubules connect to kinetochore and MTOCs move towards opposite poles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Alignment - chromosomes align across the metaphase plate and microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Separation - chromosomes separate into chromatids (which is referred to as a chromosomes now) - microtubules condense towards opposite poles until each pole has a complete set of chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Restoration - Nuclear envelope is restored around each pole, forming two nuclei. Chromosomes within nuclei disperse into chromatin and nucleoli reappear —-Opposite of what happens in prophase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of the cytoplasm to form two cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What structure is formed in plants following cytokinesis?

A

Cell plate. Vesicles from Golgi migrate to plane between two newly forming nuclei, fusing for form a cell plate which will become the plasma membranes for the two cells. Cell walls develop between membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What structure is formed in animals following cytokinesis?

A

Cleavage furrow. Microfilaments form a ring inside the plasma membrane between the two newly forming nuclei and pull plasma membrane to center, dividing the cell into two daughter cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between actin filaments and microfilaments?

A

Nada. Same shit. Microfilaments are made up of polymers of actin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where and when does crossing over take place?

A

During synapsis at the chiasmata (close associations between non-sister chromatids of homologues) of Prophase I. This DOES NOT happen in Prophase II

17
Q

How does metaphase I differ from metaphase II?

A

(I). Homologous pairs of chromosomes are spread across plate - INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT HAPPENS HERE

(II) Singular chromosomes are spread across the plate

18
Q

How does Anaphase I differ from Anaphase II?

A

(I). Homologues uncouple (II). Chromosomes separate into two chromatids

19
Q

How does Telophase I differ from Telophase II?

A

(I). Each pole contains half the number of chromosomes (uncoupled chromatids) - 2 haploid cells are formed. (II). Each pole contains half the number of chromosomes (chromatids) - 4 haploid cells are formed.

20
Q

What types of cells undergo mitosis?

What types of cells are produced?

A

Somatic cells, which are all body cells except those that produce eggs and sperm (or pollen)

21
Q

What types of cells undergo meiosis?

What types of cells are produced?

A

Reproductive cells (ovaries, testes, anthers) - gametes: eggs, sperm, pollen are produced.

22
Q

What is syngamy?

A

Fertilization - fusion of egg and sperm to give rise to a zygote

23
Q

What happens after zygote is formed?

A

The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular organism.

24
Q

What are sources of genetic variation?

A

Crossing over (prophase I), Independent assortment (metaphase I), and joining of gametes

25
Q

What happens when (S/V) is high?

A

This means that the cell can function adequately because it has enough surface area for proper function and interaction with outside environment

26
Q

What happens when (S/V) is low?

A

This means the cell’s volume has exceeded it’s surface either cell growth stops of cell division begins.

27
Q

What happens to (G/V) as cell grows?

A

G/V decreases and because the cell has a finite amount of genetic material, the cell cannot be adequately supplied with enzymes and other biosynthetic substances.

28
Q

What are examples of cells that are genetically programmed not to divide?

A

Muscle and nerve cells - they remain in G0 rarely dividing after they have matured.

29
Q

What are the three checkpoints of the cell cycle and where do they occur?

A

G1 checks for DNA quality (end of G1). G2 checks for accuracy of DNA replication (at the end of G2). M (during metaphase) ensures microtubules are properly attached to all kinetochores at metaphase plate before ANAPHASE

30
Q

What are Cdks?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases - enzymes responsible for advancing the cell past checkpoints and through the cell cycle. They activate other proteins by phosphorylating them.

31
Q

How are Cdks activated?

A

By the attachment of cyclins - and then complete activation by phosphorylation

32
Q

Describe the function of Mitosis-Promoting Factor (or maturation-promoting factor) (MPF)

A

MPF is a cyclin-Cdks complex that advances the cell cycle through G2 checkpoint.

33
Q

What are external factors that influence the cell cycle?

A

Growth factors (e.g. PDGF), density-dependent inhibition, anchorage dependence

34
Q

Why is cancer referred to as a disease of the cell cycle?

A

Transformed, cancerous cells, proliferate without regard to the cell cycle checkpoints, and other regulatory mechanisms.

BIOLOGY - Cliff (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions