Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Cellular Respiration (defn)

A

ATP-generation process.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

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2
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

occurs in the presence of oxygen; three steps:

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle (TCA)
  3. Oxidative Phosphorlyation
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3
Q

Glycolysis

A

decomposition (lysis) of glucose into pyruvate/pyruvic acid; occurs in the cytosol.

1 Glucose -> 2 pyruvates + 2NADH + 2ATP (net 4 generated - 2 used)

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4
Q

Glycolysis (4 steps)

A
  1. 2 ATP added; first several steps require energy input.
  2. 2 NADH are produced; NADH is a coenzyme and forms when NAD+ combines with two energy-rich electrons and H+. NADH is an energy-rich molecule.
  3. 4 ATP is produced.
  4. 2 Pyruvates are formed.
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5
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

changes pyruvates from glycolysis; also known as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

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6
Q

Krebs Cycle (2 steps)

A
  1. Pyruvate to acetyl CoA: pyruvate combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to produce acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, 1 CO2

Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA + 1 NADH + 1 CO2

  1. Acetyl CoA to coenzymes: acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate; produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 H2O, 1 ATP

Acetyl CoA -> 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 H2O + 1 ATP

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7
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

extract ATP from NADH and FADH2 through the electron transport chain (ETC).

1 NADH -> 3 ATPs

1 FADH2 -> 2 ATPs

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8
Q

Total number of ATPs produced in Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis: 2 NADH, 2 ATP

Krebs: 2X(1 NADH + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 ATP) = 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

10 NADH : 30 ATPs

2 FADH2 : 4 ATPs

4 ATPs

Total: 38 ATPs

(mitochondrial inefficiency results in ~30 ATPs)

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

where Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur

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10
Q

Mitochondria’s 4 areas

A
  1. Outer membrane: phospholipid bilayer
  2. Intermembrane area: where H+s accummulate
  3. Inner membrane: also phospholipid bilayer, consists of cristae/folds, where electron transport chain remove H+s from NADH and FADH2 and transports to the intermembrane area using proteins, ATP synthase also phosphorylates ADP to ATP.
  4. Matrix: fluid inside inner membrane, where Krebs and pyruvate -> acetyl CoA transformation occur.
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11
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

process of energy storage in the form of potentail energy created by the proton concentration gradient.

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12
Q

Chemiosmosis (5 steps)

A
  1. Krebs cycle produces NADH and FADH2
  2. Electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2
  3. H+ ions are transported from matrix to intermembrane space via protein complexes
  4. A pH and electrical gradient across the inner membrane is created and provides potential energy.
  5. ATP synthase generates ATP: this channel protein allows protons to flow from intermembrane to matrix; this proton movement generates energy for ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
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13
Q

Two types of phosphorylation

A
  1. substrate level phosphorylation: ADP phosphorylated to ATP using energy from the substrate molecule containing the phosphate; occurs in glycolysis
  2. oxidative phosphorylation: ADP phosphorylated to ATP using energy from electrons of the ETC; energy generates H+ gradient which supplies energy to ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP and a phosphate group.
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14
Q

Anaerobic Respiration (2 types)

A

cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen; occurs in cytosol; goal is to produce NAD+ to promote glycolysis.

  1. Alcohol fermentation: occurs in plants, fungi (yeasts), and bacteria
    1) pyruvate -> acetaldehyde + CO2
    2) Acetaldehyde + NADH -> NAD+ + EtOH
  2. Lactic Acid fermentation: most lactate/lactic acid transported to liver where it is converted to glucose for use.
    1) pyruvate + NADH -> NAD+ + lactic acid
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