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Diversity 1 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of evolution of plant species

A 
Algae
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
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2
Q

When did algae evolve?

A

600 mya

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3
Q

when did Bryophytes evolve?

A

430 mya

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4
Q

When did pteridophytes evolve?

A

425 mya

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5
Q

When did gymnosperms evolve?

A

320 mya

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6
Q

When did angiosperms evolve?

A

125-100 mya

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7
Q

What is the evolutionary step between algae and bryophytes

A

marine to land plants

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8
Q

What is the evolutionary step between bryophytes and pteridophytes

A

land to vascular land

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9
Q

what is the evolutionary step between pteridophytes to gymnosperms

A

seedless vascular land plants to seed bearing vascular land plants

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10
Q

what is the evolutionary step between gymnosperms to angiosperms

A

seed bearing vascular land plants to flowering plants

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of algae

A

red
brown
diatoms
green

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12
Q

how do red algae strengthen their cell walls

A

deposit calcium carbonate

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13
Q

what pigment gives red algae their colour

A

phycoerythrin

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14
Q

where do red algae grow

A

shallow pools down to 260m

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15
Q

What gives brown algae their colour

A

fucoxanthin

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16
Q

what does brown algae contain

A

chlorophyll a and c

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17
Q

where do brown algae predominate

A

intertidal zone in Uk, clear donation often occurs

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18
Q

What is brown algae composed of

A

Either branched filaments or leaf-like thalli

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19
Q

what is often found on the thalli of brown algae

A

air bladders

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20
Q

what are diatoms

A

single celled organisms that are universally present in aquatic systems

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21
Q

why are diatoms important

A

primary producers due to their abundance in the aquatic system

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22
Q

what gives diatoms they brownish/yellow colour

A

carotenoids in chloroplasts

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23
Q

what are green algae closely related to

A

green plants - due to the presence of chlorophyll a and b and starch

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24
Q

what is an important concept in the life cycle of all plants

A

alteration of generations

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25
Q

what is included in bryophytes

A

mosses
liverworts
hornworts

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26
Q

what is thought about the origin of both bryophytes and vascular plants?

A

they originated from. a common ancestor shared with a green algal group, charophytes

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27
Q

What are the 2 unique features that separate bryophytes from the rest of the land flora

A

The conspicuous persistent (visible) plant is the gametophyte generation

They lack specialised vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) which is present in all other land plants

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28
Q

Describe the nutritional dependancy of the gametophytes and sporophytes in bryophytes

A

gametophytes - nutritionally independent

sporophytes - permanently attached to the gametophyte and nutritionally depend on them.

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29
Q

in bryophytes, what do spores germinate to form

A

the initial filamentous stage - protonema

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30
Q

what does the protonema stage of bryophytes develop

A

leafy gametophyte plant

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31
Q

where are the reproductive structures of many mosses found

A

at the top of the stem

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32
Q

what is meant by dioecious

A

male and female reproductive organs of different individual plants

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33
Q

what is meant by monoecious

A

male and female reproductive organs are on the same plant but on different branches

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34
Q

identify 3 characteristics of moss leaves

A

small size
thick wall
leaves 1 cell thick

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35
Q

what is the antheridia

A

produces male gametes

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36
Q

What is the archegonia

A

produces female gametes

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37
Q

what happens after fertilisation in the sporophyte phase of bryophytes

A

the zygote develops into the sporophyte generation, still attached to the parent gametophyte

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38
Q

where are spores in bryophytes produced

A

the capsule

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39
Q

what is spore dispersal aided by in mosses

A

peristome

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40
Q

what are acrocarpous mosses

A

cushions

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41
Q

where are gametes produced in acrocarpous mosses

A

in apices of shoots, sporophytes apical

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42
Q

what are pleurocarpous mosses

A

carpets

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43
Q

where are gametes produced in pleurocarpous mosses

A

on short side stem, sporophytes on sides

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44
Q

what are moss leaves

A

outgrowths of photosynthetic that grow all around the stem

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45
Q

what do moss leaves lack?

A

stomata and often no cuticle

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46
Q

what is a rhizoid

A

attaches plant to substrate

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47
Q

what do mosses have in place of roots

A

rhizoid

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48
Q

what is the percentage distribution of liverworts (thalloid and leafy)

A

20% thalloid, 80% leafy

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49
Q

what do some liverworts produce that contain packets of vegetative cells for dispersal

A

gemmae

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50
Q

where are the antheridia of liverworts located

A

sunk in pits along the middle of the upper surface

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51
Q

where are the archegonia of liverworts located

A

under a flap of tissue just behind the apical notch

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52
Q

identify 3 features of sporophytes in liverworts

A

uniform through division
photosynthetic
short lived

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53
Q

what is spore dispersal in liverworts aided by

A

elaters

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54
Q

what are elaters

A

tiny elongated structures that aid spore dispersal in liverworts by coiling and uncoiling in response to changes in humidity

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55
Q

what do spores develop into in liverworts

A

directly into the gametophyte plant (no protonemnal stage)

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56
Q

what is the gametophyte in hornworts

A

a plate of tissue

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57
Q

where is the foot of the sporophyte in hornworts

A

embedded in the gametophyte tissue

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58
Q

what 2 things does the sporophyte of hornworts have

A

stomata and a meristem

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59
Q

what is a meristem

A

site of cell division

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60
Q

what is thought to be the link between hornworts and vascular plants

A

meristem

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61
Q

what plant species are poikolohydric

A

mosses

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62
Q

what is poikolohydric

A

water content determined by atmospheric humidity

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63
Q

what does the poikolohydric nature of mosses result in

A

little control over water content

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64
Q

what can mosses survive

A

drying out and rewetting

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65
Q

what is water conservation in mosses based on

A

morphology - overlapping leaves and clumped habit

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66
Q

what do overlapping leaves in mosses do

A

help reduce water loss

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67
Q

what do the hard points on moss leaves do

A

increase the boundary layer and reduce water loss

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68
Q

what is a disadvantage of a poikolohydric lifestyle

A

small size and low growth rate (uncompetitive)

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69
Q

what is a benefit of a poikolohydric lifestyle

A

can occupy extreme environments

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70
Q

what do some larger mosses have the said water transport

A

modified cells - leptome and hydrome

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71
Q

why do leaves have different shapes

A

because different species have to function effectively in different habitats

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72
Q

what are the 3 primary functions of leaves

A

photosynthesis
water balance
thermoregulation

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73
Q

what happens during photosynthesis

A

leaves trap radiant energy to convert CO2 and H2O and nutrients into complex organic molecules

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74
Q

what is the gas exchange that occurs during photosynthesis

A

CO2 enters while O2 exits through the stomata

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75
Q

how to leaves control water balance

A

regulate evaporation from their surfaces to allow sufficient water to be taken up to maintain internal water content

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76
Q

what is thermoregulation in leaves

A

leaves evaporate water, transferring absorbed heat to the surrounding air

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77
Q

what is the role of the cuticle

A

keeps water in

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78
Q

what is the role of the stomata

A

let water out in a controlled way

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79
Q

name 4 secondary functions of leaves

A

trap animals
feed animals
deter animals
enable plants to compete for light

80
Q

when did leaves evolve

A

420 mya

81
Q

when did leaves become widespread

A

370 mya

82
Q

what were the first vascular land plants

A

rhynie

83
Q

what 3 things was the widespread appearance of plants with true leaves associated with

A

larger leaves
taller plants
dramatic decline in global CO2 concentration

84
Q

how long after the appearance of leaves were their evolution constrained by unfavourable global CO2

A

50 million years

85
Q

what are pteridophytes

A

primitive vascular plants

86
Q

what is included in pteridophytes

A

ferns
club mosses
whisk ferns
horsetails

87
Q

what kind of leaves do pteridophytes have

A

megaphyllous

88
Q

what are megaphyllous leaves

A

have multiple veins within the leaf and leaf gaps above them in the stem

89
Q

what is the obvious persistant green plant in pteridophytes

A

sporophyte generation

90
Q

what is the nutritional dependency of the sporophyte and gametophyte in pteridophytes

A

independent

91
Q

what do the sporophytes of pteridophytes have

A

well developed vascular tissue with lignified xylem and phloem

92
Q

what do the leaves of pteridophytes have

A

stomata and cuticle

93
Q

how do pteridophytes reproduce

A

by spores

94
Q

what are the most ancient vascular plants in existence

A

pteridophytes

95
Q

identify the 2 types of reproductive strategy in pteridophytes

A

homospory and heterospory

96
Q

what reproductive strategy of pteridophytes does lycopodium have

A

homospory

97
Q

what does lycopodium have

A

a strobilus

98
Q

what does a strobilus contain

A

sporangium, spores and sporophyll

99
Q

what does the gametophyte of lycopodium have

A

antheridia, archegonia and antherozoids

100
Q

what reproductive strategy does the pteridophyte selaginella have

A

hertrospory

101
Q

what is homospory

A

1 spore gives rise to 1 type of gametophyte that bears both archegonia and antheridia

102
Q

what is heterospory

A

production of 2 types of spores, differing in sex and size

103
Q

what are the two types of spores from heterospory

A

megasporangium

microsporangium

104
Q

how are microspores dispersed. in pteridophytes

A

away from microsporangium, carried by air currents

105
Q

where does the microgametophyte develop in pteridophytes

A

within the microspore

106
Q

what does the microgametophyte form in pteridophytes

A

antheridium

107
Q

what is the dispersed structure in pteridophyte reproduction

A

microspore

108
Q

what does the megasporangium in pteridophytes contain

A

food reserves

109
Q

what develops in the megasporangium in pteridophytes

A

megagametophyte

110
Q

what does the megasporangium form

A

archegonia

111
Q

identify 3 advantages of heterospory

A

endoscopic development protects vulnerable gametophyte stage

dispersal of male gametes via microspores - reduction in male gametes

each new sporophyte generation nurtured by foodstuff provided by previous generation of sporophytes

112
Q

what is the first development of seed habit (occurs in pteridophytes)

A

separation of sexes with female gametophyte developing inside spore wall

113
Q

what are the gymnosperms

A

conifers

114
Q

where do gymnosperms predominate

A

northern temperate zone

115
Q

how many species of gymnosperm is there

A

4

116
Q

what are the 4 species of gymnosperms

A

cycadophyta
ginkophyta
pinophyta
gnetophyta

117
Q

what are cycadophyta

A

cycads

118
Q

what are ginkophyta

A

ginkos

119
Q

what are pinophyta

A

conifers

120
Q

what are gnetophyta

A

gnetophytes

121
Q

are gymnosperms vascular or not?

A

vascular

122
Q

do gymnosperms have xylem and phloem

A

yes

123
Q

what do xylem and phloem provide to gymnosperms

A

continuous system throughout the plant to transport water and minerals and also mechanical support

124
Q

what is the primary feature underlying plant success on land

A

vascular system

125
Q

where is the megaspore located in seeded plants

A

retained within the megaspore

126
Q

what is the megasporangium in gymnosperms protected by

A

integuments

127
Q

what is the ovule of gymnosperms made up of

A

megasporangium and integuments

128
Q

what does the ovule become after fertilisation

A

the seed

129
Q

identify 2 advantages of gymnosperms retaining the megaspore

A

sporophyte can protect and nourish its gametophytes

water and nutrients supplied via vascular tissue of parent sporophyte

130
Q

what is the sporophyll

A

leaf that becomes the sporangia

131
Q

what is the gametophyte

A

phase in the life cycle with haploid nuclei and when spores are produced

132
Q

what is the sporophyte

A

multicellular structure after fusion of male and female gametes

133
Q

what do all conifers produce

A

2 types of cone (fruiting body), microsporangiate and megasporangiate cones

134
Q

what are the microspores of gymnosperms

A

pollen grains

135
Q

identify 4 features of a pine needle

A

thickened epidermis/ hypodermis
thick cuticle
sunken stomata
resin dots

136
Q

what does the features of pine needles provide (2)

A

water conservation

resistance to environmental stress

137
Q

what is the largest division of gymnosperms

A

pinophyta

138
Q

how many families of pinophyta is there

A

6

139
Q

what are the 6 families of pinophyta

A 
taxaceae
podocarpaceae
panacea
cupressaceae
arauciariaceae
taxodiaceae
140
Q

what are the taxaceae family of pinophyta

A

yews

141
Q

what does the taxaceae family contain

A

small shrubs and trees

142
Q

identify a feature of taxaceae

A

female cones highly reduced with one ovuliferous scale and one seed

143
Q

what family of pinophyta contains the only known parasitic gymnosperm

A

podocarpaceae

144
Q

where is the family panacea dominant

A

northern hemisphere

145
Q

where can the family cupressaceae be found

A

worldwide

146
Q

what family of pinophyta contains junipers

A

cupressaceae

147
Q

what family of pinophyta is confined to the southern hemisphere

A

araucariaceae

148
Q

what family of pinophyta contains the unusual and rare wollemia noblis found in southern Australia

A

araucariaceae

149
Q

which family of pinophyta is one of the few deciduous species

A

taxodiaceae

150
Q

what is the smallest division of gymnosperms with only 1 species

A

ginkophyta

151
Q

where do the male and female cones of ginkophyta appear

A

on separate plants

152
Q

what is the name of the only ginkophyta

A

Ginko biloba

153
Q

what family of gymnosperm looks similar to palms

A

cycadophyta

154
Q

where are cycadophyta largely confined

A

tropics and sub-tropics

155
Q

what family of gymnosperm superficially represent angiosperms rather than gymnosperms

A

gnetophyta

156
Q

what are the 3 families of gnetophyta

A

gnetum
ephreda
welwitschia mirablis

157
Q

what are the angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

158
Q

what is the most dominant species of plant making up 80% of modern flora

A

angiosperms

159
Q

identify 5 unique features of angiosperms

A 
enclosed seed with ovary
double fertilisation due to triploid endosperm
growth of pollen tube through style
floral parts, nectar
fruit production
160
Q

what does the presence of an enclosed seed within the ovary achieve in angiosperms

A

protection of the embryo

161
Q

what is the evolutionary benefit of an enclosed seed within the ovary in angiosperms

A

success of the individual

162
Q

what does double fertilisation due to triploid endosperm achieve in angiosperms

A

rapid growth of seedling and a rapid lifecycle

163
Q

what is the evolutionary benefit of double fertilisation due to triploid endosperm

A

rapid evolutionary response to a changing environment

164
Q

what does the growth of the pollen tube through style achieve in angiosperms

A

choice of mate, preventing inbreeding also

165
Q

what is the evolutionary benefit of the growth of the pollen tube through style in angiosperms

A

increased diversity and potential for adaption

166
Q

what does the presence of floral parts, nectar in angiosperms achieve

A

can use animals for pollen dispersal

167
Q

what is the evolutionary benefit of the presence of floral parts and nectar in angiosperms

A

genetic exchanges
increased diversity
potential for adaption
persistance in patchy environments

168
Q

what does fruit production achieve in angiosperms

A

use animals for seed dispersal

169
Q

what is the evolutionary benefit of fruit production in angiosperms

A

genetic exchange
increased diversity
potential for adaption
persistance in a patchy environment

170
Q

what do a few angiosperms have that produces a triploid endosperm

A

double fertilisation

171
Q

what does the endosperm provide to the embryo

A

resources

172
Q

what does the endosperm of more persistent angiosperms do

A

persists in seed and supports the seedling

173
Q

what does the endosperm of advanced angiosperms do

A

is completely absorbed by the embryo in the seed, producing large seed leaves called cotyledons

174
Q

what do cotyledons do

A

support early seedling growth

175
Q

what is the genetic benefit of a triploid endosperm

A

masks deleterious recessive alleles

176
Q

what is a metabolic benefit of a triploid endosperm

A

increase metabolic efficiency, cell size and resource supply to embryo

177
Q

identify 4 characteristics of early flowers

A

undifferentiated perianth parts
variable number of flower parts
carpels seperate
superior ovary

178
Q

what is a superior ovary

A

carpels and stamens inserted above the perianth

179
Q

identify 4 features of early adaptive radiation

A

perianth parts differentiate into petals and sepals
number of flower parts becomes fixed
radial symmetry
specialised for beetle and wind pollination

180
Q

identify 2 features of later adaptive radiation

A

coevolution with bees and butterflies, and bats and birds

many modern families appear

181
Q

what is fruit

A

mature ripened ovary or group of ovaries, sometimes with adjacent flower parts incorporated

182
Q

what 4 things can the ovary wall of fruit be

A

dry or fleshy

dehiscent or indehiscent

183
Q

what did fruit evolve in relation to

A

dispersal mechanisms

184
Q

what is the evolutionary trend seen in fruit

A

reduction in flower parts and fusion of parts

185
Q

what are the 5 types of fruit

A 
primitive
simple
aggregate
false/accessory
multiple
186
Q

how many types of primitive fruit is there and what are their names

A

1 - follicle

187
Q

what are 2 features of follicle fruit

A

separate, multi-seeded carpel

opens by a single slit down 1 side

188
Q

how many types of simple fruit are there and what are their names

A

6

achene
drupe 
pod
silique
capsule 
berry
189
Q

identify 3 features of Achene fruit

A

one ovule in single carpel
dry ovary wall, indehiscent
many with ovary wall, style/stigma modifications

190
Q

what are 3 features of drupe fruit

A

one ovule in a single carpel
fleshy outer ovary wall
hard inner ovary wall

191
Q

what are 3 features of pod fruit

A

one fused carpel
several ovules
dry ovary wall, dehiscent

192
Q

what are 3 features of silique fruit

A

2 fused carpels
several ovules
dry ovary wall, dehiscent

193
Q

what are 3 features of capsule fruit

A

several fused carpels
several ovules
dry ovary wall, dehiscent

194
Q

identify 3 features of berry fruits

A

1 to several fused carpels
several ovules
fleshy ovary wall

195
Q

identify 2 features of aggregate fruit

A

lots of separate single carpels

each carpel has 1 ovule

196
Q

identify 4 features of false/accessory fruit

A

several fused carpels
tough inner ovary wall
fleshy outer ovary wall
enlarged receptacle

197
Q

identify the feature of multiple fruit

A

ovaries of many flowers fused together

Diversity 1 (4 decks)

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