Plants Flashcards
1
Q
What is the order of evolution of plant species
A
Algae Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
2
Q
When did algae evolve?
A
600 mya
3
Q
when did Bryophytes evolve?
A
430 mya
4
Q
When did pteridophytes evolve?
A
425 mya
5
Q
When did gymnosperms evolve?
A
320 mya
6
Q
When did angiosperms evolve?
A
125-100 mya
7
Q
What is the evolutionary step between algae and bryophytes
A
marine to land plants
8
Q
What is the evolutionary step between bryophytes and pteridophytes
A
land to vascular land
9
Q
what is the evolutionary step between pteridophytes to gymnosperms
A
seedless vascular land plants to seed bearing vascular land plants
10
Q
what is the evolutionary step between gymnosperms to angiosperms
A
seed bearing vascular land plants to flowering plants
11
Q
What are the 4 types of algae
A
red
brown
diatoms
green
12
Q
how do red algae strengthen their cell walls
A
deposit calcium carbonate
13
Q
what pigment gives red algae their colour
A
phycoerythrin
14
Q
where do red algae grow
A
shallow pools down to 260m
15
Q
What gives brown algae their colour
A
fucoxanthin
16
Q
what does brown algae contain
A
chlorophyll a and c
17
Q
where do brown algae predominate
A
intertidal zone in Uk, clear donation often occurs
18
Q
What is brown algae composed of
A
Either branched filaments or leaf-like thalli
19
Q
what is often found on the thalli of brown algae
A
air bladders
20
Q
what are diatoms
A
single celled organisms that are universally present in aquatic systems
21
Q
why are diatoms important
A
primary producers due to their abundance in the aquatic system
22
Q
what gives diatoms they brownish/yellow colour
A
carotenoids in chloroplasts
23
Q
what are green algae closely related to
A
green plants - due to the presence of chlorophyll a and b and starch
24
Q
what is an important concept in the life cycle of all plants
A
alteration of generations
25
what is included in bryophytes
mosses
liverworts
hornworts
26
what is thought about the origin of both bryophytes and vascular plants?
they originated from. a common ancestor shared with a green algal group, charophytes
27
What are the 2 unique features that separate bryophytes from the rest of the land flora
The conspicuous persistent (visible) plant is the gametophyte generation
They lack specialised vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) which is present in all other land plants
28
Describe the nutritional dependancy of the gametophytes and sporophytes in bryophytes
gametophytes - nutritionally independent
sporophytes - permanently attached to the gametophyte and nutritionally depend on them.
29
in bryophytes, what do spores germinate to form
the initial filamentous stage - protonema
30
what does the protonema stage of bryophytes develop
leafy gametophyte plant
31
where are the reproductive structures of many mosses found
at the top of the stem
32
what is meant by dioecious
male and female reproductive organs of different individual plants
33
what is meant by monoecious
male and female reproductive organs are on the same plant but on different branches
34
identify 3 characteristics of moss leaves
small size
thick wall
leaves 1 cell thick
35
what is the antheridia
produces male gametes
36
What is the archegonia
produces female gametes
37
what happens after fertilisation in the sporophyte phase of bryophytes
the zygote develops into the sporophyte generation, still attached to the parent gametophyte
38
where are spores in bryophytes produced
the capsule
39
what is spore dispersal aided by in mosses
peristome
40
what are acrocarpous mosses
cushions
41
where are gametes produced in acrocarpous mosses
in apices of shoots, sporophytes apical
42
what are pleurocarpous mosses
carpets
43
where are gametes produced in pleurocarpous mosses
on short side stem, sporophytes on sides
44
what are moss leaves
outgrowths of photosynthetic that grow all around the stem
45
what do moss leaves lack?
stomata and often no cuticle
46
what is a rhizoid
attaches plant to substrate
47
what do mosses have in place of roots
rhizoid
48
what is the percentage distribution of liverworts (thalloid and leafy)
20% thalloid, 80% leafy
49
what do some liverworts produce that contain packets of vegetative cells for dispersal
gemmae
50
where are the antheridia of liverworts located
sunk in pits along the middle of the upper surface
51
where are the archegonia of liverworts located
under a flap of tissue just behind the apical notch
52
identify 3 features of sporophytes in liverworts
uniform through division
photosynthetic
short lived
53
what is spore dispersal in liverworts aided by
elaters
54
what are elaters
tiny elongated structures that aid spore dispersal in liverworts by coiling and uncoiling in response to changes in humidity
55
what do spores develop into in liverworts
directly into the gametophyte plant (no protonemnal stage)
56
what is the gametophyte in hornworts
a plate of tissue
57
where is the foot of the sporophyte in hornworts
embedded in the gametophyte tissue
58
what 2 things does the sporophyte of hornworts have
stomata and a meristem
59
what is a meristem
site of cell division
60
what is thought to be the link between hornworts and vascular plants
meristem
61
what plant species are poikolohydric
mosses
62
what is poikolohydric
water content determined by atmospheric humidity
63
what does the poikolohydric nature of mosses result in
little control over water content
64
what can mosses survive
drying out and rewetting
65
what is water conservation in mosses based on
morphology - overlapping leaves and clumped habit
66
what do overlapping leaves in mosses do
help reduce water loss
67
what do the hard points on moss leaves do
increase the boundary layer and reduce water loss
68
what is a disadvantage of a poikolohydric lifestyle
small size and low growth rate (uncompetitive)
69
what is a benefit of a poikolohydric lifestyle
can occupy extreme environments
70
what do some larger mosses have the said water transport
modified cells - leptome and hydrome
71
why do leaves have different shapes
because different species have to function effectively in different habitats
72
what are the 3 primary functions of leaves
photosynthesis
water balance
thermoregulation
73
what happens during photosynthesis
leaves trap radiant energy to convert CO2 and H2O and nutrients into complex organic molecules
74
what is the gas exchange that occurs during photosynthesis
CO2 enters while O2 exits through the stomata
75
how to leaves control water balance
regulate evaporation from their surfaces to allow sufficient water to be taken up to maintain internal water content
76
what is thermoregulation in leaves
leaves evaporate water, transferring absorbed heat to the surrounding air
77
what is the role of the cuticle
keeps water in
78
what is the role of the stomata
let water out in a controlled way
79
name 4 secondary functions of leaves
trap animals
feed animals
deter animals
enable plants to compete for light
80
when did leaves evolve
420 mya
81
when did leaves become widespread
370 mya
82
what were the first vascular land plants
rhynie
83
what 3 things was the widespread appearance of plants with true leaves associated with
larger leaves
taller plants
dramatic decline in global CO2 concentration
84
how long after the appearance of leaves were their evolution constrained by unfavourable global CO2
50 million years
85
what are pteridophytes
primitive vascular plants
86
what is included in pteridophytes
ferns
club mosses
whisk ferns
horsetails
87
what kind of leaves do pteridophytes have
megaphyllous
88
what are megaphyllous leaves
have multiple veins within the leaf and leaf gaps above them in the stem
89
what is the obvious persistant green plant in pteridophytes
sporophyte generation
90
what is the nutritional dependency of the sporophyte and gametophyte in pteridophytes
independent
91
what do the sporophytes of pteridophytes have
well developed vascular tissue with lignified xylem and phloem
92
what do the leaves of pteridophytes have
stomata and cuticle
93
how do pteridophytes reproduce
by spores
94
what are the most ancient vascular plants in existence
pteridophytes
95
identify the 2 types of reproductive strategy in pteridophytes
homospory and heterospory
96
what reproductive strategy of pteridophytes does lycopodium have
homospory
97
what does lycopodium have
a strobilus
98
what does a strobilus contain
sporangium, spores and sporophyll
99
what does the gametophyte of lycopodium have
antheridia, archegonia and antherozoids
100
what reproductive strategy does the pteridophyte selaginella have
hertrospory
101
what is homospory
1 spore gives rise to 1 type of gametophyte that bears both archegonia and antheridia
102
what is heterospory
production of 2 types of spores, differing in sex and size
103
what are the two types of spores from heterospory
megasporangium
| microsporangium
104
how are microspores dispersed. in pteridophytes
away from microsporangium, carried by air currents
105
where does the microgametophyte develop in pteridophytes
within the microspore
106
what does the microgametophyte form in pteridophytes
antheridium
107
what is the dispersed structure in pteridophyte reproduction
microspore
108
what does the megasporangium in pteridophytes contain
food reserves
109
what develops in the megasporangium in pteridophytes
megagametophyte
110
what does the megasporangium form
archegonia
111
identify 3 advantages of heterospory
endoscopic development protects vulnerable gametophyte stage
dispersal of male gametes via microspores - reduction in male gametes
each new sporophyte generation nurtured by foodstuff provided by previous generation of sporophytes
112
what is the first development of seed habit (occurs in pteridophytes)
separation of sexes with female gametophyte developing inside spore wall
113
what are the gymnosperms
conifers
114
where do gymnosperms predominate
northern temperate zone
115
how many species of gymnosperm is there
4
116
what are the 4 species of gymnosperms
cycadophyta
ginkophyta
pinophyta
gnetophyta
117
what are cycadophyta
cycads
118
what are ginkophyta
ginkos
119
what are pinophyta
conifers
120
what are gnetophyta
gnetophytes
121
are gymnosperms vascular or not?
vascular
122
do gymnosperms have xylem and phloem
yes
123
what do xylem and phloem provide to gymnosperms
continuous system throughout the plant to transport water and minerals and also mechanical support
124
what is the primary feature underlying plant success on land
vascular system
125
where is the megaspore located in seeded plants
retained within the megaspore
126
what is the megasporangium in gymnosperms protected by
integuments
127
what is the ovule of gymnosperms made up of
megasporangium and integuments
128
what does the ovule become after fertilisation
the seed
129
identify 2 advantages of gymnosperms retaining the megaspore
sporophyte can protect and nourish its gametophytes
water and nutrients supplied via vascular tissue of parent sporophyte
130
what is the sporophyll
leaf that becomes the sporangia
131
what is the gametophyte
phase in the life cycle with haploid nuclei and when spores are produced
132
what is the sporophyte
multicellular structure after fusion of male and female gametes
133
what do all conifers produce
2 types of cone (fruiting body), microsporangiate and megasporangiate cones
134
what are the microspores of gymnosperms
pollen grains
135
identify 4 features of a pine needle
thickened epidermis/ hypodermis
thick cuticle
sunken stomata
resin dots
136
what does the features of pine needles provide (2)
water conservation
| resistance to environmental stress
137
what is the largest division of gymnosperms
pinophyta
138
how many families of pinophyta is there
6
139
what are the 6 families of pinophyta
```
taxaceae
podocarpaceae
panacea
cupressaceae
arauciariaceae
taxodiaceae
```
140
what are the taxaceae family of pinophyta
yews
141
what does the taxaceae family contain
small shrubs and trees
142
identify a feature of taxaceae
female cones highly reduced with one ovuliferous scale and one seed
143
what family of pinophyta contains the only known parasitic gymnosperm
podocarpaceae
144
where is the family panacea dominant
northern hemisphere
145
where can the family cupressaceae be found
worldwide
146
what family of pinophyta contains junipers
cupressaceae
147
what family of pinophyta is confined to the southern hemisphere
araucariaceae
148
what family of pinophyta contains the unusual and rare wollemia noblis found in southern Australia
araucariaceae
149
which family of pinophyta is one of the few deciduous species
taxodiaceae
150
what is the smallest division of gymnosperms with only 1 species
ginkophyta
151
where do the male and female cones of ginkophyta appear
on separate plants
152
what is the name of the only ginkophyta
Ginko biloba
153
what family of gymnosperm looks similar to palms
cycadophyta
154
where are cycadophyta largely confined
tropics and sub-tropics
155
what family of gymnosperm superficially represent angiosperms rather than gymnosperms
gnetophyta
156
what are the 3 families of gnetophyta
gnetum
ephreda
welwitschia mirablis
157
what are the angiosperms
Flowering plants
158
what is the most dominant species of plant making up 80% of modern flora
angiosperms
159
identify 5 unique features of angiosperms
```
enclosed seed with ovary
double fertilisation due to triploid endosperm
growth of pollen tube through style
floral parts, nectar
fruit production
```
160
what does the presence of an enclosed seed within the ovary achieve in angiosperms
protection of the embryo
161
what is the evolutionary benefit of an enclosed seed within the ovary in angiosperms
success of the individual
162
what does double fertilisation due to triploid endosperm achieve in angiosperms
rapid growth of seedling and a rapid lifecycle
163
what is the evolutionary benefit of double fertilisation due to triploid endosperm
rapid evolutionary response to a changing environment
164
what does the growth of the pollen tube through style achieve in angiosperms
choice of mate, preventing inbreeding also
165
what is the evolutionary benefit of the growth of the pollen tube through style in angiosperms
increased diversity and potential for adaption
166
what does the presence of floral parts, nectar in angiosperms achieve
can use animals for pollen dispersal
167
what is the evolutionary benefit of the presence of floral parts and nectar in angiosperms
genetic exchanges
increased diversity
potential for adaption
persistance in patchy environments
168
what does fruit production achieve in angiosperms
use animals for seed dispersal
169
what is the evolutionary benefit of fruit production in angiosperms
genetic exchange
increased diversity
potential for adaption
persistance in a patchy environment
170
what do a few angiosperms have that produces a triploid endosperm
double fertilisation
171
what does the endosperm provide to the embryo
resources
172
what does the endosperm of more persistent angiosperms do
persists in seed and supports the seedling
173
what does the endosperm of advanced angiosperms do
is completely absorbed by the embryo in the seed, producing large seed leaves called cotyledons
174
what do cotyledons do
support early seedling growth
175
what is the genetic benefit of a triploid endosperm
masks deleterious recessive alleles
176
what is a metabolic benefit of a triploid endosperm
increase metabolic efficiency, cell size and resource supply to embryo
177
identify 4 characteristics of early flowers
undifferentiated perianth parts
variable number of flower parts
carpels seperate
superior ovary
178
what is a superior ovary
carpels and stamens inserted above the perianth
179
identify 4 features of early adaptive radiation
perianth parts differentiate into petals and sepals
number of flower parts becomes fixed
radial symmetry
specialised for beetle and wind pollination
180
identify 2 features of later adaptive radiation
coevolution with bees and butterflies, and bats and birds
| many modern families appear
181
what is fruit
mature ripened ovary or group of ovaries, sometimes with adjacent flower parts incorporated
182
what 4 things can the ovary wall of fruit be
dry or fleshy
| dehiscent or indehiscent
183
what did fruit evolve in relation to
dispersal mechanisms
184
what is the evolutionary trend seen in fruit
reduction in flower parts and fusion of parts
185
what are the 5 types of fruit
```
primitive
simple
aggregate
false/accessory
multiple
```
186
how many types of primitive fruit is there and what are their names
1 - follicle
187
what are 2 features of follicle fruit
separate, multi-seeded carpel
| opens by a single slit down 1 side
188
how many types of simple fruit are there and what are their names
6
```
achene
drupe
pod
silique
capsule
berry
```
189
identify 3 features of Achene fruit
one ovule in single carpel
dry ovary wall, indehiscent
many with ovary wall, style/stigma modifications
190
what are 3 features of drupe fruit
one ovule in a single carpel
fleshy outer ovary wall
hard inner ovary wall
191
what are 3 features of pod fruit
one fused carpel
several ovules
dry ovary wall, dehiscent
192
what are 3 features of silique fruit
2 fused carpels
several ovules
dry ovary wall, dehiscent
193
what are 3 features of capsule fruit
several fused carpels
several ovules
dry ovary wall, dehiscent
194
identify 3 features of berry fruits
1 to several fused carpels
several ovules
fleshy ovary wall
195
identify 2 features of aggregate fruit
lots of separate single carpels
| each carpel has 1 ovule
196
identify 4 features of false/accessory fruit
several fused carpels
tough inner ovary wall
fleshy outer ovary wall
enlarged receptacle
197
identify the feature of multiple fruit
ovaries of many flowers fused together
