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Diversity 1 > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

what is an invertebrate

A

An animal without a backbone

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2
Q

what phylum is involved in the earliest split in the animal tree

A

cnetophores

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3
Q

what is the animal kingdom?

A

monophyletic

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4
Q

what is meant by monophyletic

A

all share a common ancestor

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5
Q

what 4 characteristics are clues to evolutionary relationships

A

fossils
gene sequences
patterns of embryonic development
morphology and physiology

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6
Q

what are the 3 types of patterns of embryonic development

A

number of cell layers
fate of blastopore
cleavage patterns

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7
Q

what are the two types of distinct cell layers that form in early development

A

diploblastic

triploblastic

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8
Q

what is diploblastic

A

animals have 2 cell layers, ectoderm and endoderm

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9
Q

what is triploblastic

A

animals have 3 cell layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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10
Q

in triploblastic animals, what are the 2 development patterns after the blastopore forms

A

protostomes

deuterosomes

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11
Q

what are protostomes

A

blastopore develops into the mouth

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12
Q

what are deuterosomes

A

blastopore develops into the anus, the mouth develops later

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13
Q

what is cleavage (cleavage patterns)

A

the first few divisions of a zygote

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14
Q

what is the cleavage pattern in protostome development

A

spiral and determinate

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15
Q

what is the cleavage pattern in deuterosomes

A

radial and indeterminate

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16
Q

what is indeterminate cleavage

A

if cells are separated from each other, each has the potential to develop in to an entire organism on its own

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17
Q

what is determinate cleavage

A

if cells are separated from each other, they will die. Neither has the potential to develop into an organism on its own

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18
Q

how is spiral cleavage achieved

A

blastomere cells cleave obliquely (45 degree angle) to animal vegetative axis

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19
Q

how is radial cleavage achieved

A

deutersosome cells cleave parallel or perpendicular to the animal vegetative axis

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20
Q

what is an animals body plan

A

general structure, arrangement of organs and systems and integrated functioning of the body parts

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21
Q

what are some key features of an animals body plan (2)

A

symmetry

body cavity structure

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22
Q

what is an animals symmetry

A

its overall shape

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23
Q

when is an animal symmetrical

A

if it can be divided into similar halves on at least one plane

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24
Q

what are the 3 types of symmetry

A

spherical, bilateral and radial

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25
Q

what is spherical symmetry

A

body parts radiate from a central point and can be divided by an infinite number of panes

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26
Q

what is radial symnmetry

A

body parts arranged around one main axis at the body centre, can be divided into similar halves (4 section one)

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27
Q

what is bilateral symmetry

A

can be divided into mirror halves by one pane

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28
Q

what influences the way an animal can move

A

its body cavity structure

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29
Q

in what type of animal may a body cavity be present or absent

A

triploblastic

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30
Q

what are the 3 types of body cavity

A

coelomate
pseudocoelomate
aceolomate

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31
Q

what are coelomates

A

body cavity is a coelom that develops within the mesoderm and is lined with peritoneum

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32
Q

what advantage does being coelomate have

A

more control over movements of fluid in the body cavity

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33
Q

what are pseudocoelomates

A

body cavity is a pseudocoel, a fluid filled space in which organs are suspended

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34
Q

where are muscles located in pseudocoelomates

A

only on the outside

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35
Q

what are acoelomates

A

have no fluid-filled body cavity

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36
Q

what is the space between the body and guts of acoelomates filled with

A

mesenchyme cells

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37
Q

what is the hypothetical ancestor of animals

A

colonial flagellated protist

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38
Q

which two phyla show radial symmetry

A

cnidaria and cnetophora

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39
Q

what are the cnetophores

A

comb jellies

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40
Q

what kind of symmetry do ctenophores show

A

radial

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41
Q

describe the kind of cell layering in cnetophores

A

diploblastic

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42
Q

describe the gut and nervous system of ctenophores

A

complete cut and nerve cells (advanced)

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43
Q

what are ctenes

A

comb-like rows of cilia

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44
Q

how do ctenophores move through water

A

by beating cilia on ctenes

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45
Q

how do ctenophores feed

A

cells on feeding tentacles discharge adhesive material to capture prey

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46
Q

what phyla are basal in the animal tree

A

sponges (Porifera)

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47
Q

what phyla are grouped as placozoans

A

sponges

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48
Q

apart from sponges, all animals are grouped as

A

eumetazoans

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49
Q

what are bilaterians

A

a large monophyletic group

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50
Q

what 3 characteristics do all bilaterians share

A

bilateral symmetry
triploblastic
at least 7 HOX genes

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51
Q

what are protostomes divided into

A

2 clades - lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

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52
Q

how many phyla are in the kingdom stramenopila

A

6

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53
Q

where are stramenopiles found

A

aquatic and soil borne

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54
Q

what do the cell walls of stramenopiles have

A

cellulose

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55
Q

what separates stramenopiles from fungi

A

diploid life cycle

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56
Q

what are the 6 phyla of stramenopiles

A 
diatoms
water moulds
golden algae
brown algae
red algae 
green algae
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57
Q

what are diatoms (stramenopila)

A

Marine and freshwater planktonic algae

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58
Q

what are diatoms responsible for

A

20% of global carbon fixation

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59
Q

what are most species of diatom

A

photosynthetic

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60
Q

reproduction in diatoms is mostly …?

A

asexual by binary fission

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61
Q

what are golden algae

A

freshwater multicellular or unicellular organisms

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62
Q

what are water moulds similar to

A

fungi

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63
Q

what kind of conditions do water moulds require to thrive

A

very moist

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64
Q

what does sexual reproduction in water moulds produce

A

the oospore, which is a thick walled resting spore that is female

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65
Q

what are phytopthora

A

a genus of plant damaging oomycetes

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66
Q

what is the scientific name for potato late blight

A

phytopthora infestans

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67
Q

what is an example of potato late blight

A

irish potato famine of the 1840s

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68
Q

what is phythium

A

genus of parasitic oomycetes

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69
Q

what are 2 examples of phythium

A

root rot of plants growing in moist conditions

skin infections on mammals

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70
Q

what are peronospora

A

downy mildews

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71
Q

what are 3 features of peronospora

A

obligate parasites
branched, determinate sporangiophores
sporangiophores protrude through host stomata

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72
Q

what is saprolegnia

A

elongated terminal sporangia

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73
Q

identify 3 features of saprolegnia

A

more than one egg per oogonium
abundant in water courses
can exist saprotrophically

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74
Q

what do saprolegnia effect

A

pathogens on fish, amphibians and invertebrates

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75
Q

give an example of a saprolegnia

A

white fin disease of fish

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76
Q

what are sargassum species of brown algae

A

free living forms

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77
Q

what are protists

A

eukaryotes that are neither plants, fungi or animals

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78
Q

protists do not constitute a clade therefore are….

A

paraphyletic

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79
Q

what is paraphyletic

A

descend from a common evolutionary ancestor, but not including the descendant groups

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80
Q

identify 3 former classifications of protists

A

protozoa
algae
fungal types

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81
Q

what are yeasts and seaweeds classified as

A

protists

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82
Q

what are chromalveolates

A

protists that play an important role in the carbon cycle in oceans

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83
Q

what do chromalveolates form

A

marine sediments

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84
Q

what is responsible for shellfish poisoning and rumination and some parasitic diseases in animals and plants

A

chromalveolates

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85
Q

what are alveolates/apicomplexans

A

obligate parasites that are intracellular

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86
Q

how do alvealates/apicomplexans reproduce

A

by spores/sporozoites

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87
Q

what is malaria an example of

A

an alveolate/apicomplexan

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88
Q

what is plasmodium falciparum

A

a severe and complicated form of malaria that infects young children and the non-immune

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89
Q

what are p.vax, p.ovale and p.maloria

A

types of malaria that are benign, uncomplicated and chronic

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90
Q

following acute infection in either p.vax, p.ovale or p.maloria what happens

A

chronic infection

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91
Q

following acute infection in plasmodium falciparum what 2 things may happen

A

death

cerebral malaria - coma, convulsions

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92
Q

what is toxoplasma

A

an apicomplexan disease that results from infection with the toxoplasma gondii parasite

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93
Q

what are excavates

A

some very serious human diseases

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94
Q

what are kinetoplastids

A

unicellular parasites with one or two flagella and a single mitochondrion

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95
Q

what does the mitochondrion of kinetoplastids contain

A

a kinetoplast

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96
Q

what is a kinetoplast

A

a structure with multiple, circular DNA molecules and proteins

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97
Q

what are trypanosomes

A

kinetoplastids

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98
Q

what causes African Sleeping Sickness

A

African trypanosome

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99
Q

what is the vector of sleeping sickness

A

tsetse fly

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100
Q

what is the early stage of African sleeping sickness called

A

haemolymphatic

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101
Q

what is the treatment for the heamolymphatic stage of African sleeping sickness

A

suramin and pentamadine

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102
Q

what does the late stage of African sleeping sickness effect

A

CNS

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103
Q

what is the treatment for the late stage of African sleeping sickness

A

melarsoprol and NECT

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104
Q

what are phytomonas

A

a genus of trypanosome that infect plant species

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105
Q

what do Phytomonas cause

A

sudden wilt of plants

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106
Q

what are the 2 apicomplexan examples

A

malaria and t.gondii

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107
Q

what are the 2 trypanosome examples

A

African sleeping sickness and phytomonas

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108
Q

what is the phylum porifera

A

the sponges

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109
Q

what are sponges in the phylogeny of animals

A

a sister group to animals but still a basal group in the phylogeny

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110
Q

what are sponges

A

an aggregation of cells around a water canal system

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111
Q

can sponges move

A

no, they are sessile

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112
Q

how do sponges bring water in to their water chanel

A

by beating choanocyte flagella

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113
Q

what do choanocytes in sponges do

A

capture food particles from the water

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114
Q

what are sponges closely related to

A

colonial protists

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115
Q

what are the adults of sponges

A

colonial

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116
Q

what are the larvae of sponges

A

free-swimming

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117
Q

what are the body forms of sponges adapted to

A

water currents and waves

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118
Q

describe the cell layers in sponges

A

no distinct embryonic cell layers or true organs, but do have several cell types

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119
Q

describe the symmetry of sponges

A

no characteristic symmetry

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120
Q

what are the body cells of sponges

A

totipotent

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121
Q

what is totipotent

A

capable of giving rise to any cell type

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122
Q

describe the nervous system of sponges

A

no nervous system, with little coordination between cell types

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123
Q

describe the gut and body cavity of sponges

A

no gut

internal space, no body cavity

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124
Q

identify the 5 cell types that make up sponges

A 
spongocoel
choanocytes
mesohyl
pinacoderm
porocyte
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125
Q

what do pinocytes form in sponges

A

the pinacoderm

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126
Q

what is the role of the pinacoderm in sponges

A

take up food by phagocytosis

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127
Q

what do porocytes form in sponges

A

ostia

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128
Q

what is the ostia in sponges

A

incurrent pore

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129
Q

what is the name of the skeletal elements of sponges

A

spicules

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130
Q

what does the spicule skeleton of sponges do

A

discourage consumption by predators

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131
Q

what are the 3 classes of sponges

A

calcerea
desmospongia
hexactinellida

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132
Q

what are the class calcera within sponges

A

calcerous sponges

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133
Q

what are the 3 forms of sponges

A

asconoid
leuconoid
synconoid

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134
Q

what forms do calcerea sponges come in

A

asconoid
synconoid
leuconoid

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135
Q

what forms do desmospongia sponges come in

A

leuconoid

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136
Q

what is incompatible with efficient food particle capture in sponges

A

rapid water movement

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137
Q

what do the different forms of sponges differ in

A

diameter of water channel

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138
Q

what is the order of efficiency in the forms of sponges

A

asconoid
synconoids
leuconoids

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139
Q

how do sponges reproduce

A

both sexually and asexually
asexually - budding or fragmentation
sexually - cross-fertilisation by synchronous release of sperm

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140
Q

what are the body parts of a sponge

A

ostia
oscula
internal space
spongocoel

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141
Q

what is the oscula in sponges

A

excurrent pore

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142
Q

how do sponges demonstrate Bernullis’ principle

A

efficient water flow and feeding

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143
Q

what is included in the phylum cnidaria

A

Jellyfish
Anemones
corals

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144
Q

what is the phylum cnidaria often called

A

the stinging thread

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145
Q

what does the stinging nature of cnidaria allow

A

to take prey

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146
Q

describe the cell layers of cnidaria

A

Diploblastic

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147
Q

what are the 2 cell layers in cnidaria

A

epidermis

gastrodermis

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148
Q

what is between the 2 cell layers in cnidaria

A

mesoglea

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149
Q

what clade do cnidaria belong to

A

eumatozoa

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150
Q

what are characteristics of the clade eumatozoa

A

true tissues, no organs

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151
Q

describe the nervous system of cnidaria

A

have nerve nets and muscle cells

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152
Q

what is metagenesis

A

can live as 2 forms

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153
Q

what phylum show metagenesis

A

cnidaria

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154
Q

what are the two forms of cnidaria (metagenesis)

A

polyp

medusa

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155
Q

what are the medusa form of cnidaria

A

free-swimming form that show sexual reproduction

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156
Q

what are the polyp form of cnidaria

A

sessile form that show asexual reproduction and adhere to substrates

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157
Q

what does the medusa form of cnidaria look like

A

upside-down polyp with a thicker ectoderm

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158
Q

what kind of gut do cnidaria have

A

blind gut sac, gastrovascular cavity with a single opening

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159
Q

what is a blind gut

A

an incomplete gut

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160
Q

what function does the single opening of the cnidarian gut have

A

mouth and anus

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161
Q

what does the gastrovascular cavity of cnidarians do

A

functions in digestion, circulation, gas exchange and as a hydrostatic skeleton

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162
Q

what are cnidocytes

A

the stinging cells found in the tentacles of cnidaria

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163
Q

what do cnidocytes function in

A

defence and capture of prey

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164
Q

what do cnidocytes contain

A

organelle like structures called cnidae

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165
Q

what are cnidae

A

tubule or thread that may deliver toxins, stick to prey or entangle an object

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166
Q

what are the 3 types of cnidae in cnidaria

A

nematocyst
spirocyst
ptychocysts

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167
Q

what are nematocysts

A

double walled capsule that delivers toxins

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168
Q

what are spirocysts

A

single walled capsule, adhesive in nature

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169
Q

what are ptychocysts

A

taxonimically restricted to ceriantheria, lacks spines and is strictly adhesive

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170
Q

what do nematocysts contain

A

cnidocil
operculum
stinging thread

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171
Q

what is the cnidocil of nematocysts

A

the trigger to sting that opens the operculum

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172
Q

what happens when the operculum of nematocysts in open

A

water rushes in and forces the thread out at high speed to due the built up pressure

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173
Q

what are the 4 classes of cnidaria

A

Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
cubozoa
anthozoa

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174
Q

what are different in every species of cnidaria

A

their nematocysts

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175
Q

Describe the form of Scyphozoa

A

predominantly medusa over polyp form. but there is a polyp stage

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176
Q

describe the mesoglea of Scyphozoa

A

thick and firm giving rise to the name jellyfish

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177
Q

what is absent in jellies living in the open ocean

A

polyp stage

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178
Q

describe the medusa adults of scyphozoa (reproduction)

A

either male or female and release either sperm or ego reproduce

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179
Q

what are the 2 reproductive strategies of Scyphozoa cnidaria

A

can either bud or strobilla

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180
Q

what are most Hydrozoa cnidarians

A

marine colonial animals

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181
Q

what do most lifecycles of Hydrozoa cnidarians

A

alternative polyp and medusa forms

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182
Q

what is the best known hydrozoan cnidarian

A

hydra that exists in only polyp form

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183
Q

how can hydrozoan cnidarians reproduce

A

both sexually and asexually without having a medusa form

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184
Q

what do colonies of hydrozoan cnidarians do

A

they are interconnected and share a continuous gastrovascular cavity

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185
Q

give an example of a hydrozoan cnidaria

A

Portuguese man-of-war

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186
Q

what do polyps within colonies of hydrozoan cnidarians do

A

differentiate to perform specialised function such as digestion

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187
Q

what is the dominant form in cubozoa cnidarians

A

medusa with square shape

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188
Q

what do cuboxoa cnidarians have

A

4 evenly spaced tentacles and well developed eyes

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189
Q

what is an example of cubozoa cnidarians

A

box jellyfish

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190
Q

what are the 2 subclasses of anthozoa cnidarian

A

hexacorallia

octocorallia

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191
Q

what is the important order within hexacorallia anthozoans

A

scleractinia

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192
Q

what are anthozoans

A

hard corals

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193
Q

what are hermatypic scleractinian corals

A

reef forming corals

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194
Q

what do the polyps of hermatypic scleractinian corals do

A

secrete a matrix of organic molecules on which they deposit calcium carbonate, which forms the skeleton

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195
Q

where do corals grow

A

clear and nutrient-poor waters

196
Q

what do hermatypic scleractinian corals possess

A

photosynthetic dinoflagellate called zooanthellatae as endosymbioants

197
Q

what do the zooxanthellae in hermatypic scleractinian corals do

A

increase calcium carbonate deposition rate

198
Q

where are reef forming corals restricted to

A

clear surface waters with enough light to support photosynthesis

199
Q

what are the 2 types of scleractinian corals

A

hermatypic

atlermatipic

200
Q

what are atlermatipic scleractinian corals

A

non reef building corals

201
Q

what do atlermatipic scleractinian corals lack

A

zooxanthellae

202
Q

where are atlermatipic scleractinian corals be found

A

deep, cold waters

203
Q

identify 2 reasons why coral reefs have an ecological and economic importance

A

provide a CO2 cleansing service

undiscovered species are key to new medicines

204
Q

identify 2 threats to coral reefs and their impact

A

global warming- elevated co2 levels accelerate bleaching

polluted runoff- excess nitrogen can lead to outgrowths of algae, which smother coral

205
Q

identify 2 ways to try and protect coral reefs

A

monitor reef temperatures

legal system - marine protected areas

206
Q

what super phylum to Platyhelminthes belong to

A

lophotrochozoans within protostomes

207
Q

Platyhelminthes display a variety of body forms, but what are all of them

A

dorso-ventrally flattened

208
Q

what are the 2 habitats of platyhelminthes

A

free-living flatworms

internal parasites

209
Q

what do free-living flatworms show

A

cephalisation

210
Q

what is cephalisation

A

paired sense organs in the head

211
Q

how do free-living flatworms move

A

glide over surfaces by broad bands of cilia

212
Q

what 2 things are included in internal parasites

A

flukes and tapeworms

213
Q

how do internal parasites gain food

A

absorb food from the digestive tract of the host

214
Q

what do many internal parasites lack

A

a digestive tract of their own

215
Q

what kind of body cavity do Platyhelminthes have

A

acoelomate

216
Q

describe the number of cell layers in platyhelminthes

A

triploblastic

217
Q

what is the only internal cavity in Platyhelminthes

A

the gut

218
Q

what is the symmetry found in Platyhelminthes

A

bilateral

219
Q

what aided the first hunters (Platyhelminthes)

A

bilateral symmetry

cephalisation

220
Q

describe the cleavage of Platyhelminthes

A

spiral and determinate

221
Q

what does the dorso-ventrally flattened nature of Platyhelminthes mean

A

they have no gas transport system so respiration is by diffusion

222
Q

why is the flat shape of Platyhelminthes necessary

A

no cell can be too far from the outside as they respire by diffusion due to a lack off body cavity

223
Q

describe the digestive tract of Platyhelminthes

A

mouth opens to a blind gut

224
Q

why is the digestive tract of Platyhelminthes often highly branched

A

to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients and transport of food to all parts of the body

225
Q

describe 3 characteristics of Platyhelminthes reproduction

A

most are hermaphroditic
internal fertilisation
complex sex organs

226
Q

describe the nervous system of Platyhelminthes

A

simple nervous system with central ganglion with pairs of longitudinal nerves connected by transverse nerves

227
Q

compare the sensory system of free-living and parasitic flatworms

A

free-living - well developed

parasitic - less elaborate

228
Q

what are the simplest animals with an excretory system

A

Platyhelminthes

229
Q

what phylum contain a protonephridial system

A

platyhelmihtes

230
Q

what does the prptonephridial system of Platyhelminthes consist of

A

ciliated flame cells

231
Q

what is the purpose of the protonephridial system in Platyhelminthes

A

exretes waste and is also important for osmotic balance

232
Q

what do some species of platyhelminths have (sensory)

A

ocelli

233
Q

what are ocelli

A

simple eyes

234
Q

what are the 4 classes of platyhelminth

A

turbellaria
cestoda
trematoda
monogeneans

235
Q

what are the 2 characteristics that determine between the classes of Platyhelminthes

A

form of gut - present, absent, simple, branched and pattern of branching

pharynx - simple, folded or bulbous

236
Q

what are turbellaria

A

free-living flatworms

237
Q

what do Turbellaria Platyhelminthes prey on

A

bacteria to medium sized invertebrates

238
Q

what do Turbellaria Platyhelminthes have that that helps them find prey

A

well developed sense organs

239
Q

what are rhabdocoela platyhelminthes

A

have simple/no gut and a simple pharynx

240
Q

what are triclad Platyhelminthes

A

have 3 branched intestines

241
Q

what are polyclad Platyhelminthes

A

highly branched intestine and folded pharynx

242
Q

what are 3 features of Turbellaria Platyhelminthes

A

simple lifestyle
amazing regenerative powers
both sexual and asexual reproduction

243
Q

how do Turbellaria Platyhelminthes reproduce asexually

A

fission/clone themselves by transverse or Lon gitudional division

or budding

244
Q

how do Turbellaria Platyhelminthes reproduce sexually

A

simultaneous hermaphrodites, fertilise eggs internally by copulation

245
Q

what is an example or a Turbellaria Platyhelminth

A

New Zealand flatworm

246
Q

what is the New Zealand flatworm a predator of

A

earthworms

247
Q

identify 3 adaptions to parasitism Platyhelminthes have

A

sensory capability for host finding
resistant life stages
variable and complex life cycles

248
Q

what are monogea Platyhelminthes

A

external flukes

249
Q

what are most monogea platyhelminthes

A

ecto-parasites of fish

250
Q

what do monogea Platyhelminthes have that makes them well adapted to paraitism

A

organs of attachment - suckers, clamps and hooks

251
Q

describe the life cycle and reproduction of monogea Platyhelminthes

A

simple without asexual phases

252
Q

give and example of a monogea platyhelminth

A

monogenean skin/salmon fluke

253
Q

what is an issue associated with the monogenean skin/salmon fluke

A

serious fish aquaculture problem

254
Q

what are trematoda

A

internal flukes

255
Q

what are the bodies of trematode Platyhelminthes similar to

A

leeches with suckers at both ends

256
Q

what do trematodes consume

A

host tissue

257
Q

what is an example of a trematode platyhelminth

A

blood fluke

258
Q

what disease in humans do blood flukes cause

A

schistosomiasis

259
Q

what kind of life cycle do blood flukes have

A

indirect 2 host lifecycle with sexually reproductive stage in humans and asexual stage in molluscs

260
Q

what are Cestoda Platyhelminthes

A

internal parasites eg tapeworms

261
Q

describe where Cestoda Platyhelminthes are found

A

alimentary tract of vertebrates

262
Q

identify 2 defining characteristics of Cestoda

A

scolex

proglottids

263
Q

what is the scolex of Cestoda Platyhelminthes

A

anterior attachment organ

264
Q

what are the reproductive units of Cestoda Platyhelminthes

A

proglattids

265
Q

what does each proglottid contain

A

several ovaries and 1000 distinct testes

266
Q

what are the 2 tapeworms that infect man

A

beef

pork

267
Q

what does the mesoderm allow for in platyhelmithes

A

formation of more elaborate organs - simple nervous and osmoregularity systems

268
Q

what do the phylum annelids come under

A

spirilian lophotrochozoans

269
Q

what do annelids which is unique to them

A

segmentation

270
Q

what does segmentation in annelids allow

A

better locomotion by individual movement of separate segments

271
Q

what does the evolution of a more sophisticated nervous system in annelids allow

A

fine control of movements

272
Q

describe the body cavity of annelids

A

true coelom made of schizocoel - except leeches

273
Q

what kind of symmetry do annelids have

A

bilateral

274
Q

what type of cleavage to annelids have

A

spiral

275
Q

what do most annelids have on their body surface

A

chitenous bristles

276
Q

what 2 things may the chitenous bridles of annelids be

A

setae or chetae

277
Q

what varies in annelids

A

degree of chephalisation

278
Q

describe the nervous system of annelids

A

development of a centralised nervous system with a brain and ganglions all down length

279
Q

describe the circulatory system of annelids

A

closed

280
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

have a heart, arteries and blood vessels

281
Q

what are the bodies of annelids coated with

A

a thin, secreted permeable wall

282
Q

how do annelids respire

A

gas exchange through skin, gills or parapodia and polychaetes

283
Q

what restricts annelids to moist environments

A

they respire through gas exchange from skin, gills or parapodia

284
Q

what is present in each segment of annelids that helps remove waste and maintain osmotic balance

A

excretory systems

285
Q

what is a mete mere in annalids

A

a segment

286
Q

what are annuli in annelids

A

external circular grooves

287
Q

what are septa in annelids

A

internal divides between segments

288
Q

what does the presence of septa in annelids cause

A

multiple enclosed coeloms

289
Q

what are the 3 things that continue through the entirety of an annelids body

A

nerve chord
blood vessels
intestine

290
Q

what are the 2 classes of annelids

A

polychaeta

clitella

291
Q

what are the largest group of annelids

A

polychaetes

292
Q

what may polychaete be (2)

A

free-swimming (erant) or sedimentary

293
Q

identify 3 main characteristics of polychaetes

A

well developed head
parapodia on each segment
many stiff bristles

294
Q

identify 3 things a well developed head gives to polychaetes

A

eyes
tentacles for prey capture or filter feeding
possibly jaws

295
Q

what are parapodia of polychaetes

A

extensions of the body wall

296
Q

what do parapodia function in

A

gas exchange as gills and movement

297
Q

how are setae arranged in polychaetes

A

bundles on parapodia usually

298
Q

identify a family within the polychaetes

A

pogonophorans

299
Q

what have pogonophoran lost that other annelids have

A

digestive tract

300
Q

what do the class clitella lack that polychaetes have

A

parapodia

301
Q

what is unique to the class clitella

A

the reproductive organ the clitella

302
Q

what are the 2 sub-classes within the class clitella

A

oligochaete and hirudinea

303
Q

what subclass of clitella do earthworms belong to

A

oligochaete

304
Q

what are oligochaetes

A

terrestral and freshwater segmented worms

305
Q

identify 3 characteristics of oligochaetes

A

reduced head
no parapodia, eyes or tentacles
few setae

306
Q

what does the clitellum function in

A

reproduction in clitella

307
Q

what sub-class of clitella do leeches belong to

A

hirudinea

308
Q

what do hiridinea lack

A

setae
parapoida
tentacles

309
Q

what is unique in the phylum to hirudinea

A

anterior and posterior suckers

310
Q

what do the anterior and posterior suckers in hirudinea function in

A

temporary anchors that and movement

311
Q

in what subclass of annelids is the colom not segmented

A

hirudinea

312
Q

what are leeches

A

ectoparasites

313
Q

what do leeches do to hosts

A

make an incision and secrete an anticoagulant and feed on blood

314
Q

how do oligochaetes move

A

lengthen and shorten body
lengthen - circular muscles contract
shorten - longitudinal muscles contract

315
Q

what is the constant fluid volume in oligochaetes called

A

hydrostatic skeleton

316
Q

what types of muscles are present in hirudinea

A

circular
longitudinal
diagonal
dorsoventral

317
Q

what is unique about the coelom on hirudinea

A

it is reduced due to the loss of septa dividing the coelom and the space is taken up by extra muscles

318
Q

why are setae absent in hirudinea

A

they do not burrow

319
Q

how to hirudinea move

A

anterior and posterior suckers alternatively anchor to substrate

320
Q

what is the main form of reproduction in polychaetes

A

sexual

321
Q

how can polychaetes reproduce

A

both sexually and asexually

322
Q

how do polychaetes carry out asexual reproduction

A

fragmentation

323
Q

where are the gametes of polychaetes produced

A

peritoneal tissue

324
Q

how to oligochaetes reproduce

A

they are hermapohroditic but mainly reproduce sexually by external fertilisation using clitellum

325
Q

how do hirundinea reproduce

A

simultaneous hermaphroditic with internal fertilisation

326
Q

when is the clitellum visible in oligochaetes

A

always

327
Q

when is the clitellum visible in hirudinea

A

only during the reproductive season

328
Q

what does the clitellum do during copulation

A

holds worms together while each gives and relieves sperm

329
Q

what do worms do after mating

A

each secrets a mucus cocoon, depositing eggs with the sperm

330
Q

what are nematodes

A

the round worms

331
Q

where can nematodes be found

A

everywhere

332
Q

name 3 unusual locations of nematodes

A

vinegar
beer mats
hot springs

333
Q

what do nematodes parasitize

A

almost every type of plant and animal, including humans

334
Q

what clade are nematodes in

A

ecdysozoans within protostomes

335
Q

what is the major innovation of ecdysozoans

A

development of a sturdy ectoskeleton

336
Q

what must occur for nematodes to grow

A

cuticle must be melted and replaced with a larger one

337
Q

how many times does nematode most its cuticle as it grown

A

4

338
Q

describe the segmentation in nematodes

A

unsegmented

339
Q

describe the symmetry in nematodes

A

bilateral

340
Q

describe the cell layers in nematodes

A

triploblastic

341
Q

describe the nervous system of nematodes

A

well developed

342
Q

what is absent in nematodes (circulation)

A

no vascular blood system so diffusion and osmosis circulate nutrients and waste products throughout the body

343
Q

what do the cuticle and body cavity of nematodes do

A

maintain shape

344
Q

what is the cuticle in nematodes

A

a protective layer that provides some body support

345
Q

what does the cylindrical shape of nematodes mean

A

it cannot respire exclusively via diffusion as tissues are too far from the exterior

346
Q

what solves the problem of respiration not being exclusively by diffusion in nematodes

A

pseudocoelom

347
Q

what does the presence of a pseudocoelom in nematodes do

A

distributes gas and nutrients to body through gut wall and collects waste

348
Q

as well as the cuticle and body cavity, what also. maintains the shape on nematodes

A

hydrostatic skeleton

349
Q

what muscles are present in nematodes for locomotion

A

only longitudinal, arranged in 4 zones

350
Q

how do nematodes move

A

by undulations or wave-like motions of the body

as 1 segment contracts it pulls the remainder of the body forward

351
Q

what do nematodes require for movement

A

a film of moisture

352
Q

what is correct about the sexes in nematodes

A

they are usually separate and sexual dimporphism is often seen

353
Q

can nematodes by hermaphroditic

A

yes

354
Q

describe the reproductive process in nematodes

A

eggs deposited by female, embryo develops, juvenile hatches from egg

355
Q

how many juvenile stages are present in nematodes

A

4

356
Q

what are etomopathogenic nematodes

A

beneficial nematodes

357
Q

what do many etomopathogenic nematodes form

A

mutualistic symbioses with insect pathogenic bacteria

358
Q

what can etomopathogenic nematodes be used as

A

effective bio-control methods on pests

359
Q

identify 4 examples of human parasites (nematodes)

A

ascariasis
hookworm
pinworm
filarial nematodes

360
Q

what do the life cycles of parasitic nematodes have

A

cyst stages that transfer to new hosts or intermediate life cycles using vectors or intermediate hosts

361
Q

what is the example ascariasis

A

human intestinal roundworm

362
Q

how is the human intestinal roundworm transmitted

A

by eggs in soil

363
Q

how do hookworms gain blood meal

A

burrow their anterior hook into intestines of man

364
Q

what is similar about the lifecycle and transmission of the human intestinal roundworm and hookworm

A

direct

365
Q

what human disease does the filarial nematode parasite cause

A

elephantiasis

366
Q

what is the vector of the filarial nematode parasite

A

mosquitos

367
Q

where do adult pinworms live

A

large intestine

368
Q

how do female pinworms lay eggs

A

migrate to anal region at night and deposit eggs

369
Q

how are pinworms avoided

A

good hygiene

370
Q

what occurs in all soils and marine sediments

A

nematodes

371
Q

what is a famous nematode model organism

A

C.elegans

372
Q

what is C.elegans a model organism for

A

genetics

developmental research

373
Q

what was the first animal to have its entire genome sequenced

A

C.,elegans

374
Q

identify 3 reasons why nematodes are so successful

A

have environmentally protective cuticle
biochemical adaptions to existence in extreme condtiooms
use a variety of reproductive strategies

375
Q

compare the shape of flatworms, roundworms and annelids

A

flatworms - flattened
roundworms - cylindrical with tapering ends
annelids - cylindrical with tapping ends

376
Q

compare segmentation in flatworms, roundworms and annelids

A

flatworms - no
roundworms - no
annelids - yes

377
Q

compare the body cavity of flatworms, roundworms and annelids

A

flatworms - acoelomate
roundworms - pseudocoelomate
annelids - coelomate

378
Q

what is the most diverse group of lophotrochozoans

A

molluscs

379
Q

what are the second largest phyla after arthropods

A

molluscs

380
Q

how many classes of molluscs are there

A

7

381
Q

why are molluscs important to man

A

food
medicine
agriculture

382
Q

what is the fate of the blastopore in molluscs

A

protostome

383
Q

what kind of cleavage do molluscs have

A

spiral

384
Q

describe the symmetry in molluscs

A

bilateral

385
Q

describe the number of cell layers in molluscs

A

triploblastic

386
Q

describe the body cavity of molluscs

A

coelomate

387
Q

describe the segmentation in molluscs

A

unsegmented

388
Q

what are the 3 main components of the generalised molluscan body plan

A

head-foot
visceral mass
mantle

389
Q

what does the mantle do in most aquatic species

A

extend beyond visceral mass to form a mantle cavity

390
Q

what does the mantle enclose

A

a water space within are gills for gas exchange

391
Q

what in molluscs creates a water current

A

cilia on gills

392
Q

what feature do the gills of molluscs have

A

they are highly vascularised for gas exchange

393
Q

what do some species of molluscs use gills for that isn’t gas exchange

A

filter feeding

394
Q

what is the radula of molluscs

A

an essential feeding organ

395
Q

what does the circulatory system of all molluscs except cephalopods consist of

A

heart

haemocoel - open circulatory system

396
Q

what form does the coelom of molluscs take

A

a small chamber around the heart

397
Q

describe the sexes of most molluscs

A

distinct

398
Q

how do aquatic molluscs reproduce

A

external fertilisation

399
Q

what is the name of marine mollusc, free-swimming larvae

A

trochophores

400
Q

what do most marine snails and bivalves have (stage)

A

veliger stage

401
Q

what is the veiled stage in molluscs

A

a 2nd free-swimming larval stage

402
Q

what are the 3 classes of molluscs studied

A

gastropods
bivalvia
cephalopods

403
Q

what are gastropods (4)

A

snails, slugs, nudibranchs and limpets

404
Q

how do most gastropods move

A

by gliding on the foot

405
Q

what do most garotopods have that are located dorsally

A

shells

406
Q

what species of gastropod have lost their shells

A

slugs

407
Q

identify 3 features of gastropods

A

prominent head
well developed sensory structures
radula for feeding

408
Q

describe the died of gastropods

A

herbivores or predatory carnivores

409
Q

describe the sex of gastropods

A

hermaphroditic

410
Q

what was the key adaption of gastropods that allowed them to colonise land

A

internal fertilisation

411
Q

describe the shell of gastropods

A

single shell

usually coiled

412
Q

where is the visceral mass of gastropods located

A

inside the shell and rotated 180 degrees during development (torsion)

413
Q

where is the mantle cavity located in gastropods

A

forward over head

414
Q

what did torsion allow in gastropods

A

spiral coiling of shell

415
Q

identify the 3 sub-classes of gastropods

A

Prosobranchia
opisthobranchia
pulmonate

416
Q

what 2 species are in prosobranchia

A

conchs

cone snails

417
Q

what are included in opisthobranchia

A

nudibranchs

418
Q

describe the sex of nudibranchs

A

hermaphrodites

419
Q

what are included in pulmonata

A

snails and slugs

420
Q

what are the only molluscs that live in a terrestrial environment

A

snails and slugs

421
Q

describe the development of pulmonata

A

direct, no larvae

422
Q

what are the most highly evolved class of molluscs

A

cephalopods

423
Q

what are the two main sub-classes of cephalopods

A

nautiloidea

coleoidea

424
Q

what is the diet of cephalopods

A

carnivores

425
Q

what feature of cephalopods helps catch prey

A

arms or tentacles with suckers

426
Q

what feature of cephalopods tears food

A

radula

427
Q

how do cephalopods swim

A

by means of jet propulsion using the modified mantle and siphon

428
Q

what is fused to the foot in cephalopods

A

head

429
Q

what did primitive cephalopods possess

A

a shell

430
Q

what are the only extant members of the cephalopod phylum with a shell

A

nautilus

431
Q

what happened to the molluscan shell in coleoidea

A

has been internalised of absent

432
Q

describe the sexes in cephalopods

A

sexes seperate

433
Q

what is modified in male cephalopods for spermatophore transfer

A

one tentacle known as the hectocotylus

434
Q

how do cephalopods reproduce

A

males insert their hectocotylus into the mantle cavity of the female, near or within the oviduct

435
Q

identify 2 tricks male octopus have to survive the mating process

A

keep at arms length - male has very long hectocotylus

detached arm - sexual dimorphism in blanket octopus

436
Q

describe the development of cephalopods

A

direct - after hatching they look like mini adults

437
Q

describe the sense organs (eyes) of cephalopods

A

well developed

camera type eye that is able to focus

438
Q

describe the power of swimming in nautilus

A

poor swimmers, with weak propulsion from the siphon

439
Q

how many tentacles do nautilus have that are modified for transferring spermatophores

A

4

440
Q

how many suckers do nautilus have that bear suckers

A

80-90

441
Q

how many gills do nautilus have

A

4

442
Q

what are nautilus

A

early cephalopods with chambered shells

443
Q

what are included in the subclass coleoidea of cephalopods

A

squid
cuttlefish
octopus

444
Q

when present, what is the shell of coleoidea cephalopods

A

internal

445
Q

describe the swimming of coleoidea

A

good swimmers, by means of jet propulsion through siphon and beating fins

446
Q

how many tentacles do coleoidea have that bear suckers

A

8-10

447
Q

how many gills do coleoidea have

A

2

448
Q

what do coleoidea possess for protection

A

ink sacs

449
Q

what are the only molluscs with a closed circulatory system

A

cephalopods

450
Q

what do cephalopods show due to a highly developed brain

A

complex behaviours such as courtship, socialising and memory

451
Q

what are the pigment cells of cephalopods that allow them to change colour

A

chromatophores

452
Q

what produces the colour changes of chromatophores in cephalopods

A

the contraction and expansion of the pigment cells controlled by the nervous system

453
Q

how many pairs of arms do squid have

A

4

454
Q

how many pairs of tentacles do squid have

A

1 that are retractable

455
Q

describe the fins of squid

A

always present

do not merge at rear

456
Q

how many pairs of arms do cuttlefish have

A

4

457
Q

how many pairs of tentacles to cuttlefish have

A

1 that are retractable

458
Q

describe the fins of cuttlefish

A

always present

merge along the midline or rear

459
Q

what coleoidea do not have shells

A

octopus

460
Q

how many pairs of arms do octopus have

A

4

461
Q

describe the fins of octopus

A

usually no fins present

462
Q

what is torsion

A

twisting of body parts during larval development in gastropods

463
Q

when does torsion occur

A

only in the veliger stage in gastropods

464
Q

identify an advantage of torsion for defence

A

defence against predators in larvae + adults as it allows head to be retracted into shell

465
Q

identify 3 advantages of torsion in aquatic species of gastropods

A

less silting
better sensory perception
stability of snail, with shell repositioning

466
Q

identify an advantage of torsion in terrestrial species

A

better ventilation due to anterior positioning

467
Q

identity a disadvantage of torsion in gastropods

A

fouling of gills or sense organs on head

468
Q

identify 3 evolutionary solutions to torsion

A

longitudinal slit through shell
asymmetrical cavity
detorsion of 90 degrees

469
Q

what are included In the class Bivalves

A

muscles
clams
oysters
scallops

470
Q

describe the feature unique to bivalves

A

two halves, hinged

471
Q

describe the head of bivalves

A

reduced, often totally absent

472
Q

describe the radula of bivalves

A

absent

473
Q

why is the radula of bivalves absent

A

they are filter feeders

474
Q

how do bivalves feed

A

by bringing water in through incurrent siphon and filtering food particles with large gills

475
Q

what allowed bivalves to colonise other habitats than the sediment surface

A

siphons and filter feeding

476
Q

identify an invasive bivalve

A

zebra mussel

477
Q

identify the 3 main classes of molluscs

A

gastropods
bivalves
cephalopods

478
Q

what are included in the class Scaphopoda

A

tusk or tooth shells

479
Q

what are Scaphopoda surrounded by that they use to locate and capture food

A

captacula

480
Q

what is unique to the class monoplacophora

A

limpet-like single conical shell

481
Q

describe the sexes in monoplacophora

A

seperate

482
Q

what are included in the class polyplacophora

A

chitons

483
Q

describe the body shape of chitons

A

oval

dorsally flattened

484
Q

describe aplacophora’s body feature

A

without shell

485
Q

identify the 4 main features of a gastropods body plan

A

torsion
single dorsal shell
distinct head
muscular foot for gliding/swimming

486
Q

identify the 4 main features of a bivalves body plan

A

2 shells
reduced or absent head
modified gills for filter feeding
sessile lifestyle

487
Q

identify the 3 main features of a cephalopods body plan

A

reduction or loss of shell
head-foot modified (tentacles/arms)
siphon for jet propulsion

Diversity 1 (4 decks)

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