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Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

meristematic tissues

A

root, shoot, stem… they are undifferentiated cells. division of new cells for growth or repair. produce differentiated cells.

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2
Q

adult tissues

A

specialized cells, present everywhere else. Ground tissues, dermal tissues and vascular tissues

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3
Q

primary growth

A

Some plants (e.g. grasses) only 
have primary growth due to 
activity and differentiation of 
apical meristems)

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4
Q

secondary growth

A

only woody plants (not herbaceous) have this. Other plants (the ones you see 
bark and/or wood), also has a 
secondary growth, due to activity 
and differentiation of lateral 
meristems.`

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5
Q

ground tissues

A

in the middle of the leaf, the root. carries out metabolic processes and provides physical support. bulk tissue, storage, processing

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6
Q

dermal tissues

A

protective tissues. present in the outside of the plant. sometimes nutrient absorption

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7
Q

vascular tissues

A

transport water, minerals and sugar sap around the plant and physical support

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8
Q

apical meristems

A

the meristems in the buds and roots. adds height or length to shoot system or adds branches to shoot system

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9
Q

roots are different from stems because

A

there is presence of epidermis with root hairs, large cortex for storage, vascular cylinder (not bundles) and endodermis and pericycle

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10
Q

endodermis

A

relates to absorption of waterq

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11
Q

pericycle

A

related to root ramification. adds branches to root system

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12
Q

branch roots

A

formed by cell divisions of pericycle cells

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13
Q

why secondary growth

A

when a plant lives for several years and needs to increase physical support and ability to carry water and sap

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14
Q

lateral meristems

A

located in the stem (undifferentiated cells)

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15
Q

vascular cambium

A

adds more vascular tissue which provides more support and thickens plant. adds conductive tissues and thickens the shoot or root

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16
Q

cork cambium

A

allows plant to replace protective tissues with bark as it grows. adds waterproof bark

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17
Q

woody stem is mostly made from

A

xylem

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18
Q

bark is made from

A

periderm and phloem and a but of vascular cambium

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19
Q

different from primary structure from a diagram

A

the xylem and phloem are in rings, not bundles and the periderm replaces the epidermis

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20
Q

ADV AND DISAV of being woody

A

can grow taller, last longer but it takes more energy, more defence and more likely to be attacked by things

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21
Q

xylem

A

found in vascular tissue. made up of fibres for support and parenchyma for storage of water and starch and respond to wounding. and conducting cells: conduct water and minerals. conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to other parts of plant.

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22
Q

why cut flowers under water

A

xylem must have a continuous water column to function which is why cutting under water is so good for flowers

23
Q

absorption of minerals and water

A

they take in minerals through diffusion and then water follow into the xylem through osmosis

24
Q

root hairs

A

increase surface area

25
Q

xylem going up

A

Once the xylem sap (water + minerals) enters the root xylem, it creates a positive pressure (root pressure) that pushes the sap column upwards up to 10 meters (that is how high the atmospheric pressure can support it)

26
Q

cohesion tension model

A

1) transpiration (water loss) at leaves
2. tension in water column extends from leaves to roots
3. water and minerals are pulled through the xylem vessels
4. more absorption happens in roots

27
Q

adhesion

A

the tendency of water 
molecules to stick to other hydrophilic 
molecules like cellulose (keeps the water column intact during transport; no slipping 
back)

28
Q

cohesion

A

the tendency of water 
molecules to stick to each other, so that 
moving water pulls on surrounding water 
(hydrogen bonds between water 
molecules)

29
Q

xylem transport

A

passive. relies on adhesion, cohesion and transpiration. also relies on ability of roots to replace any water lost by transpiration. if water loss is too much for osmosis, it can use active transport to get enough water. if that doesn’t work, the plant will go under water stress

30
Q

transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from the stomates of the leaves by 
dry, windy or warm air

31
Q

leaves

A

do photosynthesis and control transpiration (guard cells)

32
Q

guard cells

A

potation ions transport to guard cells. water enters the cells by osmosis and then the stomata opens which allows more transpiration. when potassium ions leave the cells, the stomata closes which has less transpiration

33
Q

factors that increase transpiration

A

dry air (low humidity), wind, high temperatures, high stomata number.

34
Q

phloem

A

found in vascular tissue complex tissue that conducts star produced through photosynthesis. composed of fibres, parenchyma, sieve tube members and companion cells. they are alive unlike xylem but more organelles die. they connect their cytoplasms together. they are kept alive by companion cells that have a cytoplasm with sieve tube elements. they pump sugars and ions into and out of the sieve tubes causing osmotic changes. this pushes the contents of sugars around

35
Q

sieve tube members

A

conducting cells that form continuous sieve tubes. Sieve tube members only have primary cell walls but, when mature, lose their nucleus and vacuoles (degenerate cell). They connect to each other by cluster of pores. Companion cells (specialized type of parenchyma) will carry out cellular functions of sieve tube elements. they retain cytoplasm but no nucleus or vacuoles in maturity. each has a companion cell to control and maintain the life of both cells.

36
Q

source and sink in phloem

A

source is leaf cell, sink is root cell

37
Q

auxin (IAA

A

Auxin & gibberellin are released 
by newly produced cells near the 
apical meristem and diffuse into 
the zone of elongation.When the apical bud is removed, the lowered IAA concentration allows the cytokinin to act on lateral buds. The buds will develop and the plant will have more branches, therefore more flowers.

38
Q

root meristem

A

adds length to roots

39
Q

gibberellin

A

Gibberellin promotes germination. Gibberellin will be produced by newly formed cells as abscisic acid is removed and 
meristems begin to divide.necessary for growing tip of plant. Auxin & gibberellin are released 
by newly produced cells near the 
apical meristem and diffuse into 
the zone of elongation. Gibberellin will stimulate the production of amylase by the seed. Starch will be broken down into maltose to provide energy for the embryo (future plant). Germination will start.

40
Q

cytokinin

A

Leaf senescence is an active process involving degradation and remobilization of chloroplasts and nutrients from old leaves to other parts of the plant.

41
Q

abscisic acid

A

used for more cell division (mitosis).While still in the ovary, seeds are packed full of abscisic acid by the parent, which induces dormancy. Seed 
tissues dehydrate and slow their metabolism.

Abscisic acid must be broken down to germinate a seed.
Supplemental cytokinin delays the process of senescence (aging). Germination occurs when the reduction in abscisic acid allows the secretion of gibberellin. When the plant in under water stress (low soil water potential), the roots start to produce abscisic acid which is sent to the leaves. There, K+ ions leave the guard cell, which cause water to also leave the guard cells by osmosis. When flaccid, guard cells will get closer to each other and the stomata (pore) will close, reducing further water loss by the leaves (transpiration) in times of low water availability.

42
Q

ethylene

A

Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone and is responsible form the process of fruit ripening. Ripening involves changes in colour, softening of mesocarp (internal flesh), and development of aroma and sweetening. It is, therefore, a process to facilitate dispersion of seeds. Animals will be attracted to colourful and scented fruits and will eventually disperse the seeds.

43
Q

phytohormones

A

will affect growth in other parts of the plant. may stimulate or inhibit:

1) cell division (cytokinesis) affecting the rate of mitosis
2) cell elongation affecting the rate and direction of growth
3) cell differentiation affecting the rate, timing and nature of cell 
specialization

44
Q

tropism

A

differential growth due to a stimulus. ex. phototropism (plants grow to light), gravitropism (grows opposite to gravity)

45
Q

how do plants grow to light

A

If the light comes regularly from one side 
of the plant, that side ends up with less 
auxin. Gibberellin does not promote as 
much elongation in the absence of auxin.Cells on dark side elongate faster, curving the 
stem toward light. Once the new growth is 
toward the light, auxins tend to be equal on all 
sides of the zone of elongation.

46
Q

cell death

A

cells with primary and secondary cell walls will lead to cell death. The cell content is lost and only the thick cell wall remains. Tissues with such type of cells are usually related to support of the plant.

47
Q

parenchyma

A

found in ground tissue and is alive. It stores starch and has many spaces

48
Q

sclerenchyma

A

found in ground tissue, is dead. provides plant support and protection of embryo

49
Q

collenchyma

A

found in ground, is alive only cell walls with thick corners, provides flexible support in young stems

50
Q

epidermis

A

found in dermal tissue, alive. large SA

51
Q

periderm

A

outer layer of stem with secondary growth. it is dermal and can be dead or alive.

52
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plant

53
Q

gymnosperm

A

non-flowering plant

54
Q

angiosperm monocots and dicots

A

monocot has one cotyledon while dicot has two (primary leaves).

Exam Biology flashcards (11 decks)

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